The Reproductive System Chapter 18
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| The process by which a single cell duplicates its genetic material is called | mitosis
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| The replication process(mitosis) gives humans a new body every | 10 years
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| The duplicated(mitotic) cells contain | 46 chromosomes(groups of genes)
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| A special type of cellular division that produces the sex cells (spermatozoa & ova) is called | meiosis
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| Meiotic cells(spermatozoa & ova) contain | 23 chromosomes
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| The primary sex organs of the male reproductive system are the | paired male gonads AKA testes(testicles) (testis-singular)
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| Oxygenated blood is transported to the testes (plural) via the | testicular arteries
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| Deoxygenated blood is transported away from the testes(plural) via the | testicular veins
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| The testes(plural) are responsible for producing | 1) Spermatozoa 2) Testosterone
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| Spermatozoa are | male sperm cells
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| The part of a testicle where spermatogenesis occurs is called the | seminiferous tubules
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| Spermatozoa are produced at a rate of about | 300 million/day
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| Spermatozoa have three distinct parts called the | 1) The head 2) The midpiece 3) The flagellum(tail) (whip)
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| Each head contains | chromosomes
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| Chromosomes contain | genes
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| Genes contain | DNA(DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
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| Each midpiece contains the | energy (ATP) for locomotion
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| The function of each flagellum(singular)(tail/whip) (flagella-plural) is to | propel a spermatozoon(singular) up the female reproductive tract
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| Developing spermatozoa(plural) are stored in a comma shaped structure adjacent to each testicle called the | epididymis(mature/rippen)
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| An epididymis is a tube(duct) whose length is approximately | 20 feet long
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| It takes the spermatozoa approximately | 20 days to move through the epididymis tube(duct)
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| The spermatozoa travel from the epididymes(plural) to the urethra via the | Vasa deferentia AKA seminal ducts AKA ductus deferentes (all are plural) vas deferens AKA seminal duct AKA ductus deferens(singular)
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| Surgical removal of a section from both seminal ducts causing sterility(infertility) is called a | bilateral vasectomy
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| A Bilateral vasectomy will not affect the | sex drive(libido) or secondary sexual characteristics
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| Each seminal duct, testicular artery, and testicular vein is surrounded by a protective sheath called the | spermatic cord
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| The vessels responsible for the expulsion of the spermatozoa into the urethra is called the | ejaculatory ducts
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| The liquid portion of the ejaculate is called the | semen AKA seminal fluid
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| The average volume of semen per ejaculation is | 2.5-6 mL
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| The number of spermatozoa ejaculated can be in excess of | 300 million
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| Only thousands reach the | cervix
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| Only a few hundred reach the | ovum(egg)
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| If the number of spermatozoa falls below 20 million, the male is considered | sterile(infertile)
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| Once ejaculated the spermatozoa can live inside the reproductive tract for approximately | 48-72 hours
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| Large numbers of spermatozoa are required to fertilize and ovum(egg-singular) because | the ovum(singular) has a protective membrane that must be broken down by an enzyme secreted from the head of each spermatozoon(singular)
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| The characteristics of seminal fluid(semen) include: | *Milky in color *viscous(thick) *sticky because it contains fructose(energy for the spermatozoa) *alkaline so it can neutralize the acidity of the vaginal secretions & urine
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| Additonal characteristics of seminal fluid(semen) include | contains seminalplasmin/capability of protecting spermatozoa by destroying certain bacteria found in vaginal tract/semen *contains enzymes/activate spermatozoa after ejaculation *contains prostaglandins/promote muscular contractions of female gential tr
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| Semen is produced by the | prostate *seminal vesicles *Bulbourethral glands AKA Cowper glands
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| The prostate is a donut-shaped gland approximately the size and shape of a | chestnut
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| The prostate surrounds the superior portion of the | urethra just inferior to the urinary bladder
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| The seminal vesicles are paired pouch-like structures approximately 2 inches in length located | posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder in front of the rectum
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| The bulbourethral(cowper) glands are paired glands the size of | peas and are located just inferior to the prostate
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| Testosterone is the | male sex hormone
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| The part of each testicle that produces testosterone is called the | interstital cells of Leydig
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| The functions of testosterone include | develop & maintain male sex organs*descent(just before birth) of the testes from the abdominopelvic cavity into the scrotum*broadening the shoulders & narrowing the hips during puberty*Protein build muscles producing muscular bulk/firmness in the physique
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| Additional functions of testosterone include | Maturation of the spermatozoa*enlargement of the thyroid cartilate(adam's apple)*deepening of the voice*influending aggressive behavior*causing facial-body-public hair to appear*stimulates the sexual drive(libido)
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| An outpouching of loose skin from the pelvic wall which supports & contains the testes is called the | scrotum
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| Internally the scrotum is separated into | two sacs by a septum(wall)
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| Each sac contains a | testis(testicle)
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| The scrotum lies outside of the body because | spermatozoa & testosterone production require a temperature -3F lower than normal body temperature
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| Depending on the temperature, the scrotum has the ability to | contract & relax
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| The urethra in males is the | vessel that carries urine, spermatozoa, & semen to the outside world
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| The length of the male urethra is approximately | 8 inches
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| The male urethra is subdivided into three parts | Prostatic urethra which is surrounded by the prostate*membranous urethra which runs from the prostatic urethra to the penis*spongy or cavernous urethra found inside the penis & terminates at the male urethral orifice(meatus, os)
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| The penis is designed to | introduce spermatozoa into the femal reproductive tract
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| The penis consists of the shaft whose distal portion is slightly enlarged called the | glans penis
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| Covering the glans penis is a section of loose skin called the | prepuce(forskin)
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| Internally the penis is composed of | three cylindrical masses of spongy tissue containing blood sinus
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| Sexual stimulation causes the penile arteries to | dilate allowing large quanities of blood to enter the penis
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| Expansion of the blood sinuses compress the | penile veins
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| when the penile arteries dilate and the expansion of the sinuses compress the penile veins this causes an | erection
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| Once sexual stimulation ceases, the penile arteries will | constrict
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| The penile veins drain the blood and | the erection is lost
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| The inability to achieve or maintain an erection is called | impotence AKA Erectile Dysfunction(ED)
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| Impotence(Erectile Dysfunction/ED) can be caused by | Poorly controlled stress*Trauma to the nerves controlling blood flow to the penis*Diabetes Mellitus(DM)*Arteriosclerosis of the arteries that supply blood to the penis*side effects from certain medicaitons such as antihypertensives & antidepressants
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| Viagra, Cialis & Levitra work by | causing vasodilation of the arteries supplying the penis
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| The primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are the | paired female gonads called ovaries
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| The ovaries are the size of | unshelled almonds
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| The ovaries are located in the | superior portion of the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus
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| A structure that attaches an ovary to the uterus is called the | utero-ovarian ligament
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| The ovaries are responsible for | 1. Oogenesis(creation of ova) 2. Production of the female sex hormones estrogen & progesterone
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| Immature ova are called | oocytes(egg cells)
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| Developing ova are referred to as | follicles(developing oocyte)
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| The pituitary gland produces a homone responsible for maturation of a follicle called | FSH (Follicle Stimulation Hormone) and is released approximately every 28 days
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| The pituitary gland produces a hormone that stimulation ovulation called | LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
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| Expulsion of an ovum from the ovary is called | ovulation
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| The average female can ovulate approximatley | 450 times in a lifetime
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| Usually the ovaries | alternate ovulations
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| If the ovaries ovulate at the same time and the two ova are fertilized, the result will be | fraternal(dizygotic) twins
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| If a fertilized ovum splits it's genetic material(DNA) into two separate ova the result will be | identical(monozygotic) twins
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| The stuctures that transports ova from the ovaries to the uterus are called the | fallopian tubes AKA uterine tubes AKA oviducts
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| The finger-like projections of the fallopian tubes that catch the expelled ovum are called the | fimbriae
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| An ovum will be moved into and through an oviduct by | 1. A waving action of the fimbriae 2. Ciliary action 3. Peristalsis
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| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as | 1.Menstruation(menses) 2.Breast development 3.Pubic, body, & axillary hair 4.Pelvic bones widen 5.Fat deposits(adipose tissue) in the skin causes a "soft look"
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| Union of a sperm with an ovum is called | fertilization(conception)
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| Development of a fertilized ovum is called | gestation or pregnancy
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| The uterus is AKA | the womb
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| The uterus is located in the pelvic cavity between the | urinary bladder & the rectum
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| The uterus is the shape of an | inverted pear
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| The uterus should be angled forward in an | anteflexion position
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| The uterus is where the fertilized ovum will | 1.Implant 2.Develop into a zygote, embryo & fetus 3.Be expelled during labor
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| The superior portion of the uterus is called the | fundus
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| The middle portion of the uterus is called the | corpus(body)
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| The inferior portion(neck) of the uterus is called the | cervix
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| The interior of the corpus(body) of the uterus is called the | uterine cavity
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| The interior of the cervix is called the | cervical canal
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| The opening of the cervix into the vagina is called the | external os
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| The outermost layer of the uterus is called the | perimetrium(uterine serosa)
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| The midde(muscle) layer of the uterus is called the | myometrium
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| The innermost layer of the uterus is called the | endometrium
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| The region between the uterus and rectum(recto-uterine pouch) is called the | Douglas'cul-de-sac
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| The cyclic sloughing(shedding) of the endometrium is called | menstruation(menses)
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| The normal menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman within a range of | 24-35 days
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| Phases of the menstrual cycle are | 1. Menstrual phase -- days 1-5 2. Pre-ovulatory phase -- days 6-13 3. Ovulatory phase -- day 14 4. Post-ovulatory phase -- days 15-28
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| The menstrual phase involves | sloughing(shedding) of the endometrium
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| The pre-ovulatory phase involves | regeneration of the endometrium in preparation for implantation
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| The ovulatory phase involves | expulsion of an ovum from an ovary
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| The post-ovulatory phase involves | 1.Endometrial hypertrophy in preparation to receive the fertilized ovum 2.Endometrial atrophy in preparation for the menstrual phase
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| The hormones responsible for the development of the endometrium are | estrogen & progesterone
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| Most birth control pills(BCPs) are varying dosages of | estrogen & progesterone
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| The tissue that will form a connection between the maternal and fetal blood supplies is called the | placenta
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| A hormone produced by the placenta that will support the developing pregnancy is called | HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
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| HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) can be detected with an | Early Pregnancy Test(EPT)
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| EPTs (Early Pregnancy Test) can be performed on a woman's | urine or serum
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| The placenta also secretes increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone to support the pregnancy and cause | 1.Breast(mammary tissue) development 2.Milk production (lactogenesis)
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| The vagina is a tubular structure which is lined with | mucous membranes
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| The functions of the vagina include | 1.Passageway for menstruation(menses) 2.Receptacle for the penis, semen, and sperm during intercourse(coitus, copulation) 3.Inferior portion of the birth canal
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| The connection between the vagina and the cervix is called the | fornix
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| The external female genitalia is called the | vulva or pudendum
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| The mound of elevated adipose(fat) tissue that becomes covered with pubic hair is called the | mons pubis or veneris
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| The lips of the vaginal orifice(os) are called the | labia majora(outer lips) & labia minora(inner lips)
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| A small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue with nerves found at the anterior junction of the labia minora is called the | clitoris
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| The region within the labia majora and labia minora is called the | vestibule
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| Within the vestibule is a thin fold of tissue that partially closes the distal end of the vagina called the | hymen
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| On either side of the urethral meatus are mucus secreting (lubrication) glands called the | lesser vestibular glands AKA Skene's glands
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| One both sides of the vaginal os are two mucus secreting (lubrication) glands called the | greater vestibular glands AKA Bartholin's glands
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| The region between the vaginal os and the anus is usually referred to as the | perineum
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| The perineum is also used to refer to the | external urogenital and anal region of both males and females
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| Anterior to the pectoralis major and minor muscles of the thorax (chest) are modified sudoriferous(sweat) glands called | mammary glands
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| Each mammary gland consists of | 15-20 lobes(sections)
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| In each lobe are smaller compartments called | lobules
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| The size and shape of the breasts is determined by the location and amount of | adipose(fat) tissue deposited
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| Milk production(lactogenic) cells located in the lobules are called | aveoli
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| The milk is stored in the | ampullae AKA lactiferous sinuses
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| The milk travels from the alveoli to the lactiferous sinuses through the | lactiferous ducts
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| A nipple is AKA | mammary papilla
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| The dark pigmented region surrounding each nipple(papilla) is called the | areola
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| The process of secreting and ejecting milk is called | lactation
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| The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk(lactogenesis) is called | prolactin
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| ART is | Assisted Reproductive Technologies
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| IVF is | In Vitro Fertilization
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| fertility drugs | medications designed to stimulate the ovaries to ovulate
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