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FBSF Chapter 18
The Reproductive System Chapter 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The process by which a single cell duplicates its genetic material is called | mitosis |
| The replication process(mitosis) gives humans a new body every | 10 years |
| The duplicated(mitotic) cells contain | 46 chromosomes(groups of genes) |
| A special type of cellular division that produces the sex cells (spermatozoa & ova) is called | meiosis |
| Meiotic cells(spermatozoa & ova) contain | 23 chromosomes |
| The primary sex organs of the male reproductive system are the | paired male gonads AKA testes(testicles) (testis-singular) |
| Oxygenated blood is transported to the testes (plural) via the | testicular arteries |
| Deoxygenated blood is transported away from the testes(plural) via the | testicular veins |
| The testes(plural) are responsible for producing | 1) Spermatozoa 2) Testosterone |
| Spermatozoa are | male sperm cells |
| The part of a testicle where spermatogenesis occurs is called the | seminiferous tubules |
| Spermatozoa are produced at a rate of about | 300 million/day |
| Spermatozoa have three distinct parts called the | 1) The head 2) The midpiece 3) The flagellum(tail) (whip) |
| Each head contains | chromosomes |
| Chromosomes contain | genes |
| Genes contain | DNA(DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) |
| Each midpiece contains the | energy (ATP) for locomotion |
| The function of each flagellum(singular)(tail/whip) (flagella-plural) is to | propel a spermatozoon(singular) up the female reproductive tract |
| Developing spermatozoa(plural) are stored in a comma shaped structure adjacent to each testicle called the | epididymis(mature/rippen) |
| An epididymis is a tube(duct) whose length is approximately | 20 feet long |
| It takes the spermatozoa approximately | 20 days to move through the epididymis tube(duct) |
| The spermatozoa travel from the epididymes(plural) to the urethra via the | Vasa deferentia AKA seminal ducts AKA ductus deferentes (all are plural) vas deferens AKA seminal duct AKA ductus deferens(singular) |
| Surgical removal of a section from both seminal ducts causing sterility(infertility) is called a | bilateral vasectomy |
| A Bilateral vasectomy will not affect the | sex drive(libido) or secondary sexual characteristics |
| Each seminal duct, testicular artery, and testicular vein is surrounded by a protective sheath called the | spermatic cord |
| The vessels responsible for the expulsion of the spermatozoa into the urethra is called the | ejaculatory ducts |
| The liquid portion of the ejaculate is called the | semen AKA seminal fluid |
| The average volume of semen per ejaculation is | 2.5-6 mL |
| The number of spermatozoa ejaculated can be in excess of | 300 million |
| Only thousands reach the | cervix |
| Only a few hundred reach the | ovum(egg) |
| If the number of spermatozoa falls below 20 million, the male is considered | sterile(infertile) |
| Once ejaculated the spermatozoa can live inside the reproductive tract for approximately | 48-72 hours |
| Large numbers of spermatozoa are required to fertilize and ovum(egg-singular) because | the ovum(singular) has a protective membrane that must be broken down by an enzyme secreted from the head of each spermatozoon(singular) |
| The characteristics of seminal fluid(semen) include: | *Milky in color *viscous(thick) *sticky because it contains fructose(energy for the spermatozoa) *alkaline so it can neutralize the acidity of the vaginal secretions & urine |
| Additonal characteristics of seminal fluid(semen) include | contains seminalplasmin/capability of protecting spermatozoa by destroying certain bacteria found in vaginal tract/semen *contains enzymes/activate spermatozoa after ejaculation *contains prostaglandins/promote muscular contractions of female gential tr |
| Semen is produced by the | prostate *seminal vesicles *Bulbourethral glands AKA Cowper glands |
| The prostate is a donut-shaped gland approximately the size and shape of a | chestnut |
| The prostate surrounds the superior portion of the | urethra just inferior to the urinary bladder |
| The seminal vesicles are paired pouch-like structures approximately 2 inches in length located | posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder in front of the rectum |
| The bulbourethral(cowper) glands are paired glands the size of | peas and are located just inferior to the prostate |
| Testosterone is the | male sex hormone |
| The part of each testicle that produces testosterone is called the | interstital cells of Leydig |
| The functions of testosterone include | develop & maintain male sex organs*descent(just before birth) of the testes from the abdominopelvic cavity into the scrotum*broadening the shoulders & narrowing the hips during puberty*Protein build muscles producing muscular bulk/firmness in the physique |
| Additional functions of testosterone include | Maturation of the spermatozoa*enlargement of the thyroid cartilate(adam's apple)*deepening of the voice*influending aggressive behavior*causing facial-body-public hair to appear*stimulates the sexual drive(libido) |
| An outpouching of loose skin from the pelvic wall which supports & contains the testes is called the | scrotum |
| Internally the scrotum is separated into | two sacs by a septum(wall) |
| Each sac contains a | testis(testicle) |
| The scrotum lies outside of the body because | spermatozoa & testosterone production require a temperature -3F lower than normal body temperature |
| Depending on the temperature, the scrotum has the ability to | contract & relax |
| The urethra in males is the | vessel that carries urine, spermatozoa, & semen to the outside world |
| The length of the male urethra is approximately | 8 inches |
| The male urethra is subdivided into three parts | Prostatic urethra which is surrounded by the prostate*membranous urethra which runs from the prostatic urethra to the penis*spongy or cavernous urethra found inside the penis & terminates at the male urethral orifice(meatus, os) |
| The penis is designed to | introduce spermatozoa into the femal reproductive tract |
| The penis consists of the shaft whose distal portion is slightly enlarged called the | glans penis |
| Covering the glans penis is a section of loose skin called the | prepuce(forskin) |
| Internally the penis is composed of | three cylindrical masses of spongy tissue containing blood sinus |
| Sexual stimulation causes the penile arteries to | dilate allowing large quanities of blood to enter the penis |
| Expansion of the blood sinuses compress the | penile veins |
| when the penile arteries dilate and the expansion of the sinuses compress the penile veins this causes an | erection |
| Once sexual stimulation ceases, the penile arteries will | constrict |
| The penile veins drain the blood and | the erection is lost |
| The inability to achieve or maintain an erection is called | impotence AKA Erectile Dysfunction(ED) |
| Impotence(Erectile Dysfunction/ED) can be caused by | Poorly controlled stress*Trauma to the nerves controlling blood flow to the penis*Diabetes Mellitus(DM)*Arteriosclerosis of the arteries that supply blood to the penis*side effects from certain medicaitons such as antihypertensives & antidepressants |
| Viagra, Cialis & Levitra work by | causing vasodilation of the arteries supplying the penis |
| The primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are the | paired female gonads called ovaries |
| The ovaries are the size of | unshelled almonds |
| The ovaries are located in the | superior portion of the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus |
| A structure that attaches an ovary to the uterus is called the | utero-ovarian ligament |
| The ovaries are responsible for | 1. Oogenesis(creation of ova) 2. Production of the female sex hormones estrogen & progesterone |
| Immature ova are called | oocytes(egg cells) |
| Developing ova are referred to as | follicles(developing oocyte) |
| The pituitary gland produces a homone responsible for maturation of a follicle called | FSH (Follicle Stimulation Hormone) and is released approximately every 28 days |
| The pituitary gland produces a hormone that stimulation ovulation called | LH (Luteinizing Hormone) |
| Expulsion of an ovum from the ovary is called | ovulation |
| The average female can ovulate approximatley | 450 times in a lifetime |
| Usually the ovaries | alternate ovulations |
| If the ovaries ovulate at the same time and the two ova are fertilized, the result will be | fraternal(dizygotic) twins |
| If a fertilized ovum splits it's genetic material(DNA) into two separate ova the result will be | identical(monozygotic) twins |
| The stuctures that transports ova from the ovaries to the uterus are called the | fallopian tubes AKA uterine tubes AKA oviducts |
| The finger-like projections of the fallopian tubes that catch the expelled ovum are called the | fimbriae |
| An ovum will be moved into and through an oviduct by | 1. A waving action of the fimbriae 2. Ciliary action 3. Peristalsis |
| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as | 1.Menstruation(menses) 2.Breast development 3.Pubic, body, & axillary hair 4.Pelvic bones widen 5.Fat deposits(adipose tissue) in the skin causes a "soft look" |
| Union of a sperm with an ovum is called | fertilization(conception) |
| Development of a fertilized ovum is called | gestation or pregnancy |
| The uterus is AKA | the womb |
| The uterus is located in the pelvic cavity between the | urinary bladder & the rectum |
| The uterus is the shape of an | inverted pear |
| The uterus should be angled forward in an | anteflexion position |
| The uterus is where the fertilized ovum will | 1.Implant 2.Develop into a zygote, embryo & fetus 3.Be expelled during labor |
| The superior portion of the uterus is called the | fundus |
| The middle portion of the uterus is called the | corpus(body) |
| The inferior portion(neck) of the uterus is called the | cervix |
| The interior of the corpus(body) of the uterus is called the | uterine cavity |
| The interior of the cervix is called the | cervical canal |
| The opening of the cervix into the vagina is called the | external os |
| The outermost layer of the uterus is called the | perimetrium(uterine serosa) |
| The midde(muscle) layer of the uterus is called the | myometrium |
| The innermost layer of the uterus is called the | endometrium |
| The region between the uterus and rectum(recto-uterine pouch) is called the | Douglas'cul-de-sac |
| The cyclic sloughing(shedding) of the endometrium is called | menstruation(menses) |
| The normal menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman within a range of | 24-35 days |
| Phases of the menstrual cycle are | 1. Menstrual phase -- days 1-5 2. Pre-ovulatory phase -- days 6-13 3. Ovulatory phase -- day 14 4. Post-ovulatory phase -- days 15-28 |
| The menstrual phase involves | sloughing(shedding) of the endometrium |
| The pre-ovulatory phase involves | regeneration of the endometrium in preparation for implantation |
| The ovulatory phase involves | expulsion of an ovum from an ovary |
| The post-ovulatory phase involves | 1.Endometrial hypertrophy in preparation to receive the fertilized ovum 2.Endometrial atrophy in preparation for the menstrual phase |
| The hormones responsible for the development of the endometrium are | estrogen & progesterone |
| Most birth control pills(BCPs) are varying dosages of | estrogen & progesterone |
| The tissue that will form a connection between the maternal and fetal blood supplies is called the | placenta |
| A hormone produced by the placenta that will support the developing pregnancy is called | HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) |
| HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) can be detected with an | Early Pregnancy Test(EPT) |
| EPTs (Early Pregnancy Test) can be performed on a woman's | urine or serum |
| The placenta also secretes increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone to support the pregnancy and cause | 1.Breast(mammary tissue) development 2.Milk production (lactogenesis) |
| The vagina is a tubular structure which is lined with | mucous membranes |
| The functions of the vagina include | 1.Passageway for menstruation(menses) 2.Receptacle for the penis, semen, and sperm during intercourse(coitus, copulation) 3.Inferior portion of the birth canal |
| The connection between the vagina and the cervix is called the | fornix |
| The external female genitalia is called the | vulva or pudendum |
| The mound of elevated adipose(fat) tissue that becomes covered with pubic hair is called the | mons pubis or veneris |
| The lips of the vaginal orifice(os) are called the | labia majora(outer lips) & labia minora(inner lips) |
| A small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue with nerves found at the anterior junction of the labia minora is called the | clitoris |
| The region within the labia majora and labia minora is called the | vestibule |
| Within the vestibule is a thin fold of tissue that partially closes the distal end of the vagina called the | hymen |
| On either side of the urethral meatus are mucus secreting (lubrication) glands called the | lesser vestibular glands AKA Skene's glands |
| One both sides of the vaginal os are two mucus secreting (lubrication) glands called the | greater vestibular glands AKA Bartholin's glands |
| The region between the vaginal os and the anus is usually referred to as the | perineum |
| The perineum is also used to refer to the | external urogenital and anal region of both males and females |
| Anterior to the pectoralis major and minor muscles of the thorax (chest) are modified sudoriferous(sweat) glands called | mammary glands |
| Each mammary gland consists of | 15-20 lobes(sections) |
| In each lobe are smaller compartments called | lobules |
| The size and shape of the breasts is determined by the location and amount of | adipose(fat) tissue deposited |
| Milk production(lactogenic) cells located in the lobules are called | aveoli |
| The milk is stored in the | ampullae AKA lactiferous sinuses |
| The milk travels from the alveoli to the lactiferous sinuses through the | lactiferous ducts |
| A nipple is AKA | mammary papilla |
| The dark pigmented region surrounding each nipple(papilla) is called the | areola |
| The process of secreting and ejecting milk is called | lactation |
| The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk(lactogenesis) is called | prolactin |
| ART is | Assisted Reproductive Technologies |
| IVF is | In Vitro Fertilization |
| fertility drugs | medications designed to stimulate the ovaries to ovulate |
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