Anthropology Exam 2~
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| Neolithic | show 🗑
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| Mesolithic | show 🗑
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| show | The term used to refer to Mesolithic cultures in the Americas
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| show | A small blade of flint or similar stone, several of which were hafted together in wooden handles to make tools; widespread in the Mesolithic
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| show | A Mesolithic culture from the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon, and western Syria, between about 10,200 and 12,500 years ago
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| Neolithic Revolution | show 🗑
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| show | The cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks and hoes
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| Pastoralism | show 🗑
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| Innovation | show 🗑
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| Primary Innovation | show 🗑
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| show | The deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device
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| show | An evolutionary process whereby humans modify, intentionally or unintentionally, the genetic makeup of a population of wild plants of animals, sometimes to the extent that members of the population are unable to survive and/or reproduce
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| Vegeculture | show 🗑
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| show | The spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another
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| show | The region extending from central Mexico to northern Central America
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| show | In anthropology, societies in which large numbers of people live in cities, are socially stratified, and are governed by a ruling elite working through centrally organized political systems called states
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| show | In the Old World, the period marked by the production of tools and ornaments of bronze; began about 5,000 years ago in China and SW Asia and about 500 years earlier in SE Asia
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| show | Items such as utensils, figurines, and personal possessions, symbolically placed in the grave for the deceased person's use in the afterlife
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| show | The theory that explains civilization's emergence as the result of the construction of elaborate irrigation systems
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| Action Theory | show 🗑
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| show | A system, or a functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it
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| show | Cultural change over time -- not to be confused with progress
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| Progress | show 🗑
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| Convergent Evolution | show 🗑
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| show | In cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by peoples whose ancestral cultures are already somewhat alike
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| Food Foraging | show 🗑
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| show | Extensive form of horticulure where natural vegetation is cut, slash is burned, and crops are planted in ashes
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| show | Intensive crop cultivation, employing plows, fertilizers, and/or irrigation
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| Peasant | show 🗑
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| show | A society in which human labor, hand tools, and animal power are largely replaced by machines, with an economy primarily based on big factories
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| show | Large-scale businesses involved in mass food production, processing, and marketing, which primarily rely on labor-saving machines
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| Economic system | show 🗑
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| show | Tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them
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| show | The exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties
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| Generalize reciprocity | show 🗑
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| show | A mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery
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| show | A mode of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible
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| show | A form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade and social relations among the seafaring Melansians who inhabit a large ring of islands in the SW Pacific Ocean
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| Redistribution | show 🗑
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| show | A showy display of wealth for social prestige
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| show | A village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth
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| show | The creation of a surplus for the express purpose of displaying weather and giving it away to raise one's status
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| show | A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide free service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity
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| show | The buying and selling of goods and services with prices set by rules of supply and demand
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| Money | show 🗑
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| show | A network of people producing and circulating marketable commodities, labor, and services that for various reasons escape government control
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| show | The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes
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| show | The means through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social disorder
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| show | A relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhibits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent
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| show | The term for a rand of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory
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| show | A politically organized society in which several neighboring communities inhabiting a territory are united under a single ruler, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people
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| State | show 🗑
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| show | A people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history
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| show | The right of political leaders to govern -- to hold, use, and allocate power -- based on the values a particular society embraces
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| show | Control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals
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| Social Control | show 🗑
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| Sanction | show 🗑
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| show | Formal rules of conduct that, when violated, lead to negative sanctions
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| Negotiation | show 🗑
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| Mediation | show 🗑
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| Adjudication | show 🗑
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| Carrying Capacity | show 🗑
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| show | The massive cultural change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society
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| Ethnocide | show 🗑
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| Genocide | show 🗑
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| Tradition | show 🗑
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| show | The creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms
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| Rebellion | show 🗑
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| show | Radical change in a society or culture. In the political area, it involves the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one
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| show | Refusal to obey civil laws in an effort to induce change in governmental policy or legislation, characterized by the use of passive resistance or other nonviolent means
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| show | Efforts for radical cultural reform in response to widespread social disruption and collective feelings of great stress and despair
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