APWH Chapter 5
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| What three major schools of thought emerged from the Wrring States period? | Legalism, Daoism, Confucianism
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| What was Legalism associated with? | Han Feizi
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| What were two aspects of Legalism? | Strictly enforced rules or laws, based on rewards and punishments
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| What major school of thought seen farmers and soldiers as neccessary and merchants, artists, and scholars as useless? | Legalism
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| Who was Confucianism associated with? | Confucius (written in The Antalects)
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| What were two aspects of Confucianism? | Not laws and punishments, but the moral example of superiors was the key, If superior person is sincere and benevolent, inferior will be obedient and vice versa
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| What major philosophical movement had five basic relationships (ruler/subject, husband/wife, father/son, older brother/younger brother, teacher/student? | Confuciansim
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| What did Confucianism think of education and the arts? | Loved them
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| What was Daoism associated with? | Laozi, author of Daodejing, "The Way and Its Power"
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| What was Daoism based on? | individualistic (remove self from world), Don't need gov or education, work to be one of nature and improve self from the inside
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| Ehy is Confucianism a philosophy rather than a "supernatural religion"? | Deals w/ here and now, not supernatural
Focuses on "ren"- goodness of heart, god did not help you build ren, you bulit it yourself
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| Confucius did not deny spirituality, but said you shoul live your life how? | as if spirits do exist and there is a universal moral character standard
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| What are three ways Hinduism differed from other world religions? | No founder, based on caste system, Hinduism is made up word of from outsiders
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| How are moshka, karma, and reincarnation connected? | Moshka- many lifetimes
Reincarnation- many bodies, one soul
Karma- good life, higher caste and vice versa
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| What is one way Buddhism and Hinduism are similar? | Both believe that life is all pain and suffering
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| In what ways did Buddhism reflect Hinduism? | mediation, karma rebirth, life is an illusion, release from reincarnation
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| What were some of the differences between Hinduism and Buddhism? | Hinduism had small creation stories and several gods, Buddhists did not, In Buddhism Brahmins don't matter, in Buddhism caste don't matter
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| Who was Buddha? | Siddhartha Gautama, rich prince, saw poor sick and dead man, realizes life is all pain and suffering, 8 weeks in meditation, arises as Buddha (enlightened one)
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| What were the two types of Buddhism? | Theravada and Mahayana
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| Name is 2 important aspects of Theravada Buddhists. | Thinks Buddha was a super smart man, but not a god, the only way to see reality is by hours of meditation each day
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| What is 2 important aspects of Mahayana Buddhists? | Has an idea of heaven, hell, tons of gods, Bodhisattvas (God-like) delayed nirvana to help regular people
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| What is one reason Buddhism declined in India? | new form of Hinduism (Reformed Hinduism)
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| What is two things that a revived Hinduism indicated? | Like Mahayana Buddhism, in that doing the right thing and worshiping gods can get one to Brahman, changed b/c lost followers to Buddhism
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| What religious path was also becoming increasingly prominent in Hinduism? | Bhakti(worship) of gods and goddesses
- popular gods: Vishnu(protector), Shiva(destroyer)
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| What religion was Ahura Mazda a part of? | Zoroastrianism
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| Explain the relationship between Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu. | Ahura Mazda - good god
Angra Mainyu - mean god
They fight, Mazda wins with the help of the final Savior (Zorastra)who makes world safe.
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| If you sided with Mazda what happened? | eternal paradise (like heaven in Christianity)
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| If you sided with Mainyu what happened? | eternal punishment (like hell in Christianity)
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| What aspects of Zoroastrianism and Judaism subsequently found a place in Christianity and Islam? | Good god, evil god
last judgment
Resurrected bodies
Good vs. Bad war with Good winning
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| What Zoroastrian aspects influenced Christianity and Islam? | Heaven, hell, savior
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| What Jewish aspects influenced Christianity and Islam? | One God, Transcendent(He is everywhere all of the time, sees everything), wants people to be good more than sacrifices to him
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| What are two facts about Zoroastrianism? | First monotheistic religion, Founded by prophet Zarathustra
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| What were two distinctive aspects about the Jewish religious tradition? | Single god, Yahweh
Covenant (contract) w/ Yahweh, keep the contract= become His chosen people
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| How did Judaism start? | Hebrew ppl, Recorded in the Old Testament (first 5 books), founded by Abraham
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| Who are some important Greek Philosophers? | Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Thales, Pythagoras, Hippocrates
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| Who was the first great philosopher in Athens? | Socrates
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| What did the earliest classical Greek thinkers have in common? | Need to explain world naturally without using religion, dead now
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| After the 12th century C.E., how was the Greek legacy viewed? | Thought as start of "Western" civilization, copied and spread by Romans, Philosophy influenced Christian mortality (idea of love your neighbor)
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| What are two differences between Buddha and Jesus? | Buddha- born rich, not about supernatural
Jesus- carpenter from poor family, performed miracles
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| What are two similarities between Jesus and Buddha? | Mystics- some kind of idea what truth is
Taught renunciation of wealth (money makes you less complete)
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| How did Christianity become the Roman religion? | Romans killed Christians, (one being Jesus), Constantine say red cross in the sky and became a Christian, Theodosius made Christianity the Roman religion
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| What happened after Muslims take over Constantinople? | they find all the Greek stuff from the Byzantine Empire
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| Catholic Church originally saw Greeks as what? | barbarians (idol worshipers)
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| What was the earliest religious texts of India that were transmitted orally before written down is called? | Vedas
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| Who were Brahmins? | the priestly caste of India (top of caste)
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| Define Upanishads. | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 to 400 B.C.E.
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| What is the term for the "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief? | Brahman
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| What does the term Atman mean? | The human soul, in Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman
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| The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism, is known as? | Filial piety
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| The term for the end goal of Buddhism (state of serenity and great compassion) is? | Nirvana
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| Who was Zarathustra? | a Persian prophet, founded Zoroastrianism
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| Who was Thales? | A Greek natural philosopher noted for his application of reason to astronomy
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| Who was Pythagoras? | Greek philosopher, mathematical
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| Who was Hippocrates? | Greek medical theorist, regarded as father of medicine
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| Who was a disciple of Socrates who recorded behind Socrates back, know for his Dialogues? | Plato
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| Who was Aristotle? | a Greek math philosopher, student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great
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| Who was the first great populizer of Christianity, converted from Judaism along the road of Damascus? | Saint Paul
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