Endocrine System
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| Fuctions of Endocrine System | Produce, store, and release hormones for metabolism, reproduction, growth, and development
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| Pituitary gland | pea size gland located at the base of the brain; consists of 2 lobes (anterior and posterior); the hypothalamus controls release of hormones from this gland
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| Hormones released by pituitary gland- anterior lobe | - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Prolactin
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates the adrenal cortex
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | regulates the ovaries and testicles; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
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| growth hormone (GH) | regulates body growth
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| luteinizing hormone (LH) | stimuates secretion of progesterone in females and testosterone in males
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| prolactin | stimulates milk production
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid gland
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| Hormones released by pituitary gland- posterior lobe | - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | stimulates water absorption by the kidneys
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| Oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions
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| Thyroid Gland | Gland with two lobes, located below the larynx; it is the largest endocrine gland
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| Hormones Released by thyroid gland | Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) - both regulates metabolism
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| Parathyroid glands | four small glands located behind the thyroid
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| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | released by parathyroid gland. Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones
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| Islets of Langerhans | Endocrine cells inside the pancreas
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| Insulin | released by islets of Langerhans. Regulates blood glucose levels
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| Thymus gland | gland located in the mediastinum
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| Thymosin | Released by thymus gland. Regulates immune response
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| Adrenal glands | pairs of glands located on top of the kidneys; each gland consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
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| Adrenal cortex | outer portion of the adrenal gland
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| Aldosterone | Released by adrenal cortex. Regulates electrolyte levels
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| Cortisol | Released by adrenal cortex. Aids in metabolism and also aids the body during stress
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| Adrenal medulla | inner portion of the gland
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| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | Released by adrenal medulla. Aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
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| Ovaries | female reproductive glands attached to the uterus
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| Estrogen and progesterone | Released by the ovaries. Affect the development of female sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics; regulate menstrual cycle and pregnancy
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| Testes | male reproductive glands located in teh scrotum
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| Testosterone | released by the testes. Affects development of sexual organs in males and secondary sexual characteristics
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| acr/o | extremity, top
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| aden/o | gland
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| adren/o , adrenal/o | adrenal glands
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| calc/i | calcium
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| cortic/o | cortex
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| crin/o | to secrete
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| dips/o | thrist
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| endocrin/o | endocrine
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| gluc/o , glucos/o , glyc/o , glycos/o | glucose, sugar
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| hormon/o | hormone
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| kal/i | potassium
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| natr/i | sodium
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| parathyroid/o | parathyroid glands
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| thym/o | thymus gland
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| thyr/o , thyroid/o | thyroid gland
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| -megaly | enlargement
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| -oid | resembling
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| -penia | deficiency
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| eu- | good, normal
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| hyper- | above, excessive
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| hypo- | below, deficient
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| poly- | many, much
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| euthyroid | normal thyroid
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| endogenous | produced inside the body
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| exogenous | produced outside of the body
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| metabolism | all physical and chemical changes that occur in tissue
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| Abnormal conditions of the thyroid gland | - Hyper or Hypo
- Goiter
- Nodule
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| Abnormal conditions of the adrenal cortex | cushing
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| Abnormal conditions of the adrenal medulla | phenochromocytoma
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| Abnormal conditions of the pancreas | - Hypoglycemia
- DM : Type 1-IDDM / Type 2-NIDDM
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| Abnormal condition of the pituitary gland | acromegaly
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| adenitis | inflammation of a gland
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| adenomegaly | enlargement of a gland
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| endocrinopathy | disease of an endocrine gland
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| acromegaly | enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive production of growth hormone
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| diabetes insipidus (DI) | disorder caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone production by the pituitary gland resulting in excessive urination and ecessive thirst
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| gigantism | condition of excessive body growth caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
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| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid gland
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| thyromegaly | enlargement of the thyroid gland
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| hyperthyroidism | excessive hormone production by the thyroid gland
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| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland
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| Graves disease | condition of excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone causing goiter and exophthalmos
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| thyrotoxicosis | condition of excessive high levels of thyroid hormone
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| Hashimoto thyroiditis, Hashimoto disease | autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroidis
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| hypothyroidism | deficient hormone production by the thyroid gland
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| myxedema | severe hypothyroidism in an adult characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, and sluggishness
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| Addison disease | disease caused by deficiency of cortisol production by the adrenal glands
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| adrenopathy | disease of the adrenal gland
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| Cushing syndrome | disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands
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| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | disorder caused by deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance
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| Type I diabetes mellitus | diabetes caused by a total lack of insulin production
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| Type II diabetes mellitus | diabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently
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| Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) | excessive ketones in blood due to breakdown of stored fats for energy; a complication of diabetes mellitus; if left untreated, can lead to coma and death (when no insulin to break glucose for energy, will begin to break fats, leading to byproduct ketone)
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| Blood glucose, blood sugar | test to measure the amount of glucose in the blood
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| fasting blood glucose (FBG) | blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for at least 8 hours
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| glucometer | device for measuring blood glucose levels from a drop of blood obtained by a fingerstick
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| glucose tolerance test (GTT) | blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after administering a dose of glucose to the patient; used to gauge the body's ability to metabolize glucose
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| glycosylated hemoglobin (HgAlC) | blood test that indicates the amount of glucose in the blood over the previous months; used to indicate how well diabetes mellitus is being controlled
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| thyroid function tests | blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels in the blood
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone | blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnosis hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy
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| thyroxine level | blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine in the blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
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| radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) | test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid
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| thyroid scan | scan of the thyroid gland using a radioactive substance, ultrasound, or computed tomography to show the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland
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| adenectomy | excision of a gland
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| adrenalectomy | excision of an adrenal gland
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| pancreatectomy | excision of the pancreas
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| thyroidectomy | excision of the thyroid gland
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| thyroidotomy | incision into a thyroid gland
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| thyroparathyroidectomy | excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
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| antidiabetic | used to treat diabetes mellitus
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| antithyroid | used to treat overproduction of thyroid hormone
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| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, insulin pump (CSII) | used to treat diabetes mellitus with insulin via pump
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| insulin therapy | used to treat diabetes mellitus
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| hormone replacement therapy | used to replace a hormone normally produced by the body
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| endocrinology | medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system
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| endocrinologist | physician who specializes in endocrinology
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