Test 2
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| Endocrine system does what? | releases chemicals into blood and other bodily fluids.
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| Nervous system does what? | regulates the body's response to change; combines electrical and local chemical signals.
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| What are neurons? | main functional cells of nervous system; receives and responds to sensory information.
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| Spinal cord: | extension of nervous system tissue that extends from base of brain through center of spine.
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| Nerves: | bundles of axons that extend from neurons in the brain or spinal cord to every area in the body.
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| Afferent neurons accept what? and toward what? | stimuli - toward the CNS.
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| Efferent neurons effect what? and away from what? | change - away from CNS.
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| Sensation is what? | the detection and signaling of change bye sensors.
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| Integration is what? | combining and coordinating sensory signals.
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| Percepts are what? | brain's record of event.
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| Interneurons are what? | relay signals within CNS.
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| What are the three functions of the nervous system? | sensation, integration, and reaction.
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| Reaction is what? | generation of outgoing signals in response to an incoming signal.
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| Motor (efferent) neurons do what? | carry signals to the heart, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles.
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| Effectors are what? | tissues and organs that respond to motor neuron signals (not part of nervous system).
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| Is the heart muscle part of the nervous system? | No.
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| Are cranial nerves part of the peripheral or the central nervous system? | the peripheral nervous system.
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| The nervous system is divided into what structurally? | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
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| The central nervous system consists of what? | brain and spinal cord.
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| The spinal cord responds to what? | to some sensory signals, passes others between brain and body.
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| Spinal cord ends where? | in the cauda equina (fan of nerves).
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| The brain has how many neurons and neuroglia? | 100 billion neurons and 30 trillion neuroglia.
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| The brain stem does what? | central cleaning house for nerve signals; also regulates core physiological processes.
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| Cerebellum does what? | regulates body movement.
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| Diencephalon does what? | contains the hypothalamus and thymus.
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| Cerebrum is what? | home of the consciousness.
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| Peripheral nervous system contains what? | of nerves and sensory receptors.
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| The peripheral nervous system includes what? | the autonomic and somatic divisions.
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| The autonomic division of the PNS receives information from where? | visceral receptors.
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| The autonomic division regulates what? | the activity of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.
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| The somatic division receives information from where? | all other types of sensory receptors.
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| The somatic division regulates what? | the activity of the skeletal muscle.
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| Which neurons send signals to the brain? | sensory neurons.
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| Sensory receptors do what? | detect change.
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| Nerves are what? | bundles of axons that transmit information.
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| Cranial nerves originate from where? | the brain.
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| Spinal nerves originate from where? | the spinal cord.
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| Somatic nervous system is also called what? | voluntary.
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| Autonomic nervous system is also called what? | involuntary.
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| Collections in the PNS are called what? | ganglia.
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| Collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS are called what? | nuclei.
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| Which type of cell forms the myelin sheath of brain neurons? | oligodendrocytes.
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| Gray matter is found where? | in the CNS.
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| Neurons are found where? | in the cortex, spinal cord, and nuclei.
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| White matter is what? | bundles of myelinated axons.
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| Tracts are what? | bundles of axons that travel from one region to another.
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| Gllal cells form what? | support tissue that glues neurons together and maintains homeostasis of extracellular fluid.
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| Astrocytes are what? | neuronal stem cells.
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| Microglla is what? | a scavenger cell.
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| Ependymal cells are what? | liner cells.
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| Ependymal cells produce what? | cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Nerves contain three connective tissue layers what are they? | endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium.
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| The endoneurium surrounds what? | individual axons.
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| The perineurium surrounds what? | bundles of axons.
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| The epineurium surrounds what? | bundles of fascicles (the nerve).
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| Which connective tissue layer touches the myelin? | endoneurium.
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| Which membrane is attached to the cranium? | the outer layer of the dura matter.
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| The innermost of the dura matter folds to form the what? | falx cerbri and tentorium cerbelli.
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| Deep to the dura matter are two more meninges and what? | the arachnoid matter and the pia matter.
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| Cerebrospinal fluid does what? | cushions and mediates exchanges of substances with blood meninges
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| The dura matter is what? | the tough membrane.
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| The arachnoid matter is what? | thick membrane.
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| The arachnoid matter does what? | stabilizes the brain and spinal cord.
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| Pia matter is what? | thin membrane.
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| Pia matter fits what? | tightly to surface irregularities.
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| Each ventricle contains what? | choroid plexus.
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| The choroid plexus does what? | synthesizes cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Name the connecting vessel between the third and fourth ventricles. | Cerebral aqueduct.
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| The ventricular system does what? | circulates cerebrospinal fluid.
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| The blood-brain barrier acts like what? | a firewall between blood and brain.
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| The blood-brain barrier is what? | low permeability of brain capillaries.
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| Cerebral lobes are created by what? | fissures and sulci; joined by corpus callosum.
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| Fissures and sulci divide the cerebrum into how many lobes? | four.
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| Which lobe is more anterior - the temporal lobe or occipital lobe? | temporal lobe.
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| Which area receives input directly from the primary visual cortex? | the visual association area.
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| For each sense there is what? | a primary sensory area and unimodal association area.
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| The primary sensory area receives what? | raw data.
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| Unimodal association area does what? | integrates raw data.
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| The limbic system includes what? | structures involved in emotion and memory.
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| The limbic system is also called what? | the "emotional brain".
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| The hippocampus creates what? | new memories.
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| Amygdala controls what? | emotion.
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| Amygdala integrates what? | sensory input with memory.
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| Cingulate gyrus integrates what? and adds what? | sensory input and adds emotional content, especially reaction to pain.
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| Mamillary body integrates what? and adds what? | sensory input, especially odor, and adds emotional content.
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| Which structure curves over the corpus callosum? | cingulate gyrus.
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| Which basal nuclei are located very close to the lateral ventricles? | caudate nuclei.
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| Do signals leaving the visual association area go the posterior association area or directly to Broca's area? | the posterior association area.
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| Name three primary components of the diencephalon. | Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland.
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| Diencephalon controls what? | core vegetative functions (thirst, hunger, sexual drive)
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| Thalamus is for what? | relay station for sensory and motor signals; secondary role in higher brain functions.
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| Hypothalamus regulates what? and secretes what? | core vegetative functions, autonomic system and diumal rhythms and secretes hormones.
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| Pineal gland secretes what? | melatonin.
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| The brain stem is what? | the lowest, most primitive part of the brain.
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| As you sniff stinky cheese and make a face, which sensory nerve is active? | Olfactory nerve.
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| Cerebellum does what? | monitors and adjusts musculoskeletal activies while they are underway by comparing sensory signals with information from cortex about desired position of body parts.
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| The brain is part of what? | CNS.
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| The cranial nerves are part of what? | PNS.
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| How many layers of the dura mater surround the spinal cord? | one.
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| Epidural space is what? | gap between dura and bone that keeps drugs from migrating.
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| Dural sheath is what? | extension where spinal fluids can be safely drawn.
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| Which branch carries signals for the autonomic nervous system? | communicating branch.
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| Roots: | ventral and dorsal.
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| Branches: | ventral, dorsal, and communicating.
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| Which thoracic nerve participates in a plexus? | T1.
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| Branches of nerves from several spinal cord levels intertwine to produce what? from what? | a plexus, from which fibers recombine to form peripheral nerves.
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| Which neuron is always cholinergic- preganglionic or postganglionic? | preganglionic.
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| To reach target tissue from the CNS, the somatic nervous system needs what? | a single neuron.
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| The autonomic system requires two what? | neurons.
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| The parasympathetic division activates what? | the rest-reproduce-digest response.
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| The sympathetic division activates what? | the flight-or-fight response.
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| Which division increases the heart rate? | sympathetic.
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| What is the effect of parasympathetic activation on the trachea and bronchi? | it causes them to constrict.
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| About 80 percent of total parasympathetic motor signal outflow is carried by what? | vagus nerve.
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| Both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system use what? | acetylcholine.
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| Which organs are innervated by the cervical ganglia? | eye, salivary glands, heart, and lungs.
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| Communicating branches connect what? | the ventral branch of thoracic and lumbar spine nerves to the sympathetic chain ganglia.
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| Does the hypogastric plexus serve the sympathetic division, parasympathetic division, or both? | both.
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| Which pathway is formed by neurons that cross over in the medulla oblongata- the anterior corticospinal tract or the lateral corticospinal tract? | lateral corticopsinal tract.
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| What are the components of a reflex? | sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector.
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| What are the two broad categories of neurological disorders? | life threatening and chronic.
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| Life threatening neurological disorders are? | encephalitis, meningitis, and stroke.
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| Chronic neurological disorders are? | multiple sclerosis, migraines, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and epilepsy.
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| A stroke is also called what? | cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
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| What happens with a stroke? | lack of oxygen to the brain leading to damage.
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| A stroke is caused by what? | a clot or aneurysm.
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| FAST stands for what? | F-face weakness, A-arms weakness, S-speech difficulties, T-time to call 911.
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| Gullain Barre syndrome is what? | an autoimmune disorder.
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| Gullain Barre syndrome is characterized by what? | sudden onset of bilateral muscle weakness and deep tendon reflexes, progresses to ascending paralysis starting in the legs.
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| Encephalitis is generally what? | a viral infection.
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| Meningitis (aseptic) is a common form of what? | infection involving the brain and CSF.
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| Meningitis (aseptic) can spread through direct contact with what? | respiratory secretions.
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| Meningitis (bacterial) is also called what? | meningococcal meningitis.
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| Meningitis (bacterial) you need a what? | lumbar puncture.
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| Alzheimer's is a type of what? | dementia.
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| Alzheimer's causes problems with what? | memory, thinking, and behavior.
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| Alzheimer's the most common form of what? | dementia.
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| Alzheimer's disease accounts for how many percent of dementia cases? | 50 to 80 percent.
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| Alzheimer's is what? | the sixth leading cause of death in the United States.
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| Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is severe involvement in what? | of areas that control judgement, inhibition, impulse control, mood, and memory.
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| CTE is what? | a dementia-like brain disease afflicting athletes exposed to repeated trauma.
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| CTE is showing a problem is what athletes? | NFL players.
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| Suicide and premature death is associated with what disease? | CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy).
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| A brain with CTE is what? | riddled with dense clumps of a protein called tau.
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| Multiple sclerosis is what? | a neurodegenerative disease.
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| MS is demyelination of what? | the brain's neurons.
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is also called what? | Lou Gehrig's disease.
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| In ALS the | neurons die, increasing muscle atrophy.
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| Generalized seizures involve what? | both hemispheres of the brain (clonic-tonic).
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| Partial seizures (focal) involve what? | a portion of brain.
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| Partial seizure you have a loss of what? | attention and awareness.
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| Epilepsy is when a person experiences what? | two or more seizures during a individual's lifetime.
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| Epilepsy is what? | abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes convulsions.
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| Status epilepticus is what? | continuous clonic-tonic seizures lasting more than 30 minutes and the individual does not regain consciousness between attacks.
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| Is status epilepticus a medical emergency? | yes.
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| Spina bifida is what? | a congenital disorder.
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| Spina bifida is caused by what? | incomplete development of the spinal column during the first month of pregnancy.
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| Bell's Palsy is a disease that affects what? | the facial cranial nerve (CNVII)
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| Bell's palsy is characterized by what? | facial distortion- altered facial expressions.
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| What are the traumatic brain conditions? | epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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| Epidural hematoma is what? | blood from torn meningeal artery collects between the external layer or the dura and the undersurface of the skull.
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| Subdural hematoma follows what? | a blow that jerks the brain.
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| Subdural hematoma is what? | cerebral vein tear creating space for itself at the dural-arahnoid junction.
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| Subarachnoid hemorrhage is what? | ruptured internal carotid aneurysm.
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| What are the main categories for mental health medications? | meds that treat schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, ADHD.
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