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Gen. Med2
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine system does what? | releases chemicals into blood and other bodily fluids. |
| Nervous system does what? | regulates the body's response to change; combines electrical and local chemical signals. |
| What are neurons? | main functional cells of nervous system; receives and responds to sensory information. |
| Spinal cord: | extension of nervous system tissue that extends from base of brain through center of spine. |
| Nerves: | bundles of axons that extend from neurons in the brain or spinal cord to every area in the body. |
| Afferent neurons accept what? and toward what? | stimuli - toward the CNS. |
| Efferent neurons effect what? and away from what? | change - away from CNS. |
| Sensation is what? | the detection and signaling of change bye sensors. |
| Integration is what? | combining and coordinating sensory signals. |
| Percepts are what? | brain's record of event. |
| Interneurons are what? | relay signals within CNS. |
| What are the three functions of the nervous system? | sensation, integration, and reaction. |
| Reaction is what? | generation of outgoing signals in response to an incoming signal. |
| Motor (efferent) neurons do what? | carry signals to the heart, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles. |
| Effectors are what? | tissues and organs that respond to motor neuron signals (not part of nervous system). |
| Is the heart muscle part of the nervous system? | No. |
| Are cranial nerves part of the peripheral or the central nervous system? | the peripheral nervous system. |
| The nervous system is divided into what structurally? | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. |
| The central nervous system consists of what? | brain and spinal cord. |
| The spinal cord responds to what? | to some sensory signals, passes others between brain and body. |
| Spinal cord ends where? | in the cauda equina (fan of nerves). |
| The brain has how many neurons and neuroglia? | 100 billion neurons and 30 trillion neuroglia. |
| The brain stem does what? | central cleaning house for nerve signals; also regulates core physiological processes. |
| Cerebellum does what? | regulates body movement. |
| Diencephalon does what? | contains the hypothalamus and thymus. |
| Cerebrum is what? | home of the consciousness. |
| Peripheral nervous system contains what? | of nerves and sensory receptors. |
| The peripheral nervous system includes what? | the autonomic and somatic divisions. |
| The autonomic division of the PNS receives information from where? | visceral receptors. |
| The autonomic division regulates what? | the activity of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands. |
| The somatic division receives information from where? | all other types of sensory receptors. |
| The somatic division regulates what? | the activity of the skeletal muscle. |
| Which neurons send signals to the brain? | sensory neurons. |
| Sensory receptors do what? | detect change. |
| Nerves are what? | bundles of axons that transmit information. |
| Cranial nerves originate from where? | the brain. |
| Spinal nerves originate from where? | the spinal cord. |
| Somatic nervous system is also called what? | voluntary. |
| Autonomic nervous system is also called what? | involuntary. |
| Collections in the PNS are called what? | ganglia. |
| Collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS are called what? | nuclei. |
| Which type of cell forms the myelin sheath of brain neurons? | oligodendrocytes. |
| Gray matter is found where? | in the CNS. |
| Neurons are found where? | in the cortex, spinal cord, and nuclei. |
| White matter is what? | bundles of myelinated axons. |
| Tracts are what? | bundles of axons that travel from one region to another. |
| Gllal cells form what? | support tissue that glues neurons together and maintains homeostasis of extracellular fluid. |
| Astrocytes are what? | neuronal stem cells. |
| Microglla is what? | a scavenger cell. |
| Ependymal cells are what? | liner cells. |
| Ependymal cells produce what? | cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Nerves contain three connective tissue layers what are they? | endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium. |
| The endoneurium surrounds what? | individual axons. |
| The perineurium surrounds what? | bundles of axons. |
| The epineurium surrounds what? | bundles of fascicles (the nerve). |
| Which connective tissue layer touches the myelin? | endoneurium. |
| Which membrane is attached to the cranium? | the outer layer of the dura matter. |
| The innermost of the dura matter folds to form the what? | falx cerbri and tentorium cerbelli. |
| Deep to the dura matter are two more meninges and what? | the arachnoid matter and the pia matter. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid does what? | cushions and mediates exchanges of substances with blood meninges |
| The dura matter is what? | the tough membrane. |
| The arachnoid matter is what? | thick membrane. |
| The arachnoid matter does what? | stabilizes the brain and spinal cord. |
| Pia matter is what? | thin membrane. |
| Pia matter fits what? | tightly to surface irregularities. |
| Each ventricle contains what? | choroid plexus. |
| The choroid plexus does what? | synthesizes cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Name the connecting vessel between the third and fourth ventricles. | Cerebral aqueduct. |
| The ventricular system does what? | circulates cerebrospinal fluid. |
| The blood-brain barrier acts like what? | a firewall between blood and brain. |
| The blood-brain barrier is what? | low permeability of brain capillaries. |
| Cerebral lobes are created by what? | fissures and sulci; joined by corpus callosum. |
| Fissures and sulci divide the cerebrum into how many lobes? | four. |
| Which lobe is more anterior - the temporal lobe or occipital lobe? | temporal lobe. |
| Which area receives input directly from the primary visual cortex? | the visual association area. |
| For each sense there is what? | a primary sensory area and unimodal association area. |
| The primary sensory area receives what? | raw data. |
| Unimodal association area does what? | integrates raw data. |
| The limbic system includes what? | structures involved in emotion and memory. |
| The limbic system is also called what? | the "emotional brain". |
| The hippocampus creates what? | new memories. |
| Amygdala controls what? | emotion. |
| Amygdala integrates what? | sensory input with memory. |
| Cingulate gyrus integrates what? and adds what? | sensory input and adds emotional content, especially reaction to pain. |
| Mamillary body integrates what? and adds what? | sensory input, especially odor, and adds emotional content. |
| Which structure curves over the corpus callosum? | cingulate gyrus. |
| Which basal nuclei are located very close to the lateral ventricles? | caudate nuclei. |
| Do signals leaving the visual association area go the posterior association area or directly to Broca's area? | the posterior association area. |
| Name three primary components of the diencephalon. | Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland. |
| Diencephalon controls what? | core vegetative functions (thirst, hunger, sexual drive) |
| Thalamus is for what? | relay station for sensory and motor signals; secondary role in higher brain functions. |
| Hypothalamus regulates what? and secretes what? | core vegetative functions, autonomic system and diumal rhythms and secretes hormones. |
| Pineal gland secretes what? | melatonin. |
| The brain stem is what? | the lowest, most primitive part of the brain. |
| As you sniff stinky cheese and make a face, which sensory nerve is active? | Olfactory nerve. |
| Cerebellum does what? | monitors and adjusts musculoskeletal activies while they are underway by comparing sensory signals with information from cortex about desired position of body parts. |
| The brain is part of what? | CNS. |
| The cranial nerves are part of what? | PNS. |
| How many layers of the dura mater surround the spinal cord? | one. |
| Epidural space is what? | gap between dura and bone that keeps drugs from migrating. |
| Dural sheath is what? | extension where spinal fluids can be safely drawn. |
| Which branch carries signals for the autonomic nervous system? | communicating branch. |
| Roots: | ventral and dorsal. |
| Branches: | ventral, dorsal, and communicating. |
| Which thoracic nerve participates in a plexus? | T1. |
| Branches of nerves from several spinal cord levels intertwine to produce what? from what? | a plexus, from which fibers recombine to form peripheral nerves. |
| Which neuron is always cholinergic- preganglionic or postganglionic? | preganglionic. |
| To reach target tissue from the CNS, the somatic nervous system needs what? | a single neuron. |
| The autonomic system requires two what? | neurons. |
| The parasympathetic division activates what? | the rest-reproduce-digest response. |
| The sympathetic division activates what? | the flight-or-fight response. |
| Which division increases the heart rate? | sympathetic. |
| What is the effect of parasympathetic activation on the trachea and bronchi? | it causes them to constrict. |
| About 80 percent of total parasympathetic motor signal outflow is carried by what? | vagus nerve. |
| Both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system use what? | acetylcholine. |
| Which organs are innervated by the cervical ganglia? | eye, salivary glands, heart, and lungs. |
| Communicating branches connect what? | the ventral branch of thoracic and lumbar spine nerves to the sympathetic chain ganglia. |
| Does the hypogastric plexus serve the sympathetic division, parasympathetic division, or both? | both. |
| Which pathway is formed by neurons that cross over in the medulla oblongata- the anterior corticospinal tract or the lateral corticospinal tract? | lateral corticopsinal tract. |
| What are the components of a reflex? | sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector. |
| What are the two broad categories of neurological disorders? | life threatening and chronic. |
| Life threatening neurological disorders are? | encephalitis, meningitis, and stroke. |
| Chronic neurological disorders are? | multiple sclerosis, migraines, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and epilepsy. |
| A stroke is also called what? | cerebrovascular accident (CVA). |
| What happens with a stroke? | lack of oxygen to the brain leading to damage. |
| A stroke is caused by what? | a clot or aneurysm. |
| FAST stands for what? | F-face weakness, A-arms weakness, S-speech difficulties, T-time to call 911. |
| Gullain Barre syndrome is what? | an autoimmune disorder. |
| Gullain Barre syndrome is characterized by what? | sudden onset of bilateral muscle weakness and deep tendon reflexes, progresses to ascending paralysis starting in the legs. |
| Encephalitis is generally what? | a viral infection. |
| Meningitis (aseptic) is a common form of what? | infection involving the brain and CSF. |
| Meningitis (aseptic) can spread through direct contact with what? | respiratory secretions. |
| Meningitis (bacterial) is also called what? | meningococcal meningitis. |
| Meningitis (bacterial) you need a what? | lumbar puncture. |
| Alzheimer's is a type of what? | dementia. |
| Alzheimer's causes problems with what? | memory, thinking, and behavior. |
| Alzheimer's the most common form of what? | dementia. |
| Alzheimer's disease accounts for how many percent of dementia cases? | 50 to 80 percent. |
| Alzheimer's is what? | the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. |
| Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is severe involvement in what? | of areas that control judgement, inhibition, impulse control, mood, and memory. |
| CTE is what? | a dementia-like brain disease afflicting athletes exposed to repeated trauma. |
| CTE is showing a problem is what athletes? | NFL players. |
| Suicide and premature death is associated with what disease? | CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy). |
| A brain with CTE is what? | riddled with dense clumps of a protein called tau. |
| Multiple sclerosis is what? | a neurodegenerative disease. |
| MS is demyelination of what? | the brain's neurons. |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is also called what? | Lou Gehrig's disease. |
| In ALS the | neurons die, increasing muscle atrophy. |
| Generalized seizures involve what? | both hemispheres of the brain (clonic-tonic). |
| Partial seizures (focal) involve what? | a portion of brain. |
| Partial seizure you have a loss of what? | attention and awareness. |
| Epilepsy is when a person experiences what? | two or more seizures during a individual's lifetime. |
| Epilepsy is what? | abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes convulsions. |
| Status epilepticus is what? | continuous clonic-tonic seizures lasting more than 30 minutes and the individual does not regain consciousness between attacks. |
| Is status epilepticus a medical emergency? | yes. |
| Spina bifida is what? | a congenital disorder. |
| Spina bifida is caused by what? | incomplete development of the spinal column during the first month of pregnancy. |
| Bell's Palsy is a disease that affects what? | the facial cranial nerve (CNVII) |
| Bell's palsy is characterized by what? | facial distortion- altered facial expressions. |
| What are the traumatic brain conditions? | epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage. |
| Epidural hematoma is what? | blood from torn meningeal artery collects between the external layer or the dura and the undersurface of the skull. |
| Subdural hematoma follows what? | a blow that jerks the brain. |
| Subdural hematoma is what? | cerebral vein tear creating space for itself at the dural-arahnoid junction. |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage is what? | ruptured internal carotid aneurysm. |
| What are the main categories for mental health medications? | meds that treat schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, ADHD. |
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danreid
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