Glycolysis
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| show | - process that cleaves and oxidizes glucose
-ultimate goal to produce ATP, pyruvate and NHDA
-happen in cytosol of all cell
-required for production of energy from glucose(ananerobic or aerobic cell)
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| show | Glucose, ADP, NAD+
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| how does glucose enter the cell? | show 🗑
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| show | RBC and Brain
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| show | LIVER
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| Which cell or tissue has insulin sensitive transporters and little amount on cell surface? | show 🗑
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| show | Hexokinase
different isoform (Liver ==> Glucokinase , hexokinase IV)
brain: hexokinase I
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| how does a cell trap glucose? | show 🗑
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| What is the name of hexokinase used by Liver | show 🗑
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| show | Liver and muscle
brain hexokinase is not regulated by insulinas brain is highly depend on glucose
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| show | Muscle has no receptor for glucagon
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| show | 1) glycolysis
2) glycogenesis
3) pentose phosphate pathyway
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| show | Phosphofructokinase -1 (PFK --1)
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| show | Activation factor: AMP
Inhibition factor: ATP
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| Which two products does fructose 1,6-biphosphate split into? | show 🗑
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| What enzyme catalyze the formation of pyruvate and from which molecules? | show 🗑
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| Pyruvate kinase has tissue specific isoform. What upregulate and down regulate its function in liver and muscle | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Acetyl-coA (catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase)
2) Lacate (catalyzed by Lactate dehydrogenase)
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| show | NO
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| What are the two ways to regenerate NAD+ | show 🗑
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| show | It occurs in mitochondria and is irreversible process
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| What enzyme catalyze process of conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA? | show 🗑
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| What activate the activity of PDC? | show 🗑
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| show | elevation of ATP, CoA-acetyl, NADH and absence of O2
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| show | Isocitrate dehydrogenase
activated by increasing ADP and Calcium
inihibited by increasing NADH
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| TCA Cycle | show 🗑
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| show | -) pantothenate
- biotin
-niacin
-thiamine
-ribioglavin
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| show | -nutritional deficiencies
-Ischemia/hypoxia
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| show | It can replenish from Pyruvate with the help of pyruvate carboxylase.
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| What molecules can be broken down to acetyl-coA? | show 🗑
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| Pathway of TCA cycle | show 🗑
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| show | fatty acid syntheis
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| What kind of synthesis is associated with succinly CoA? | show 🗑
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| What is the rate limiting process in TCA cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | NADH, FADH2, CO2
(NADH and FADH2 are reoxidized through oxidative phosphorylation process)
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| show | Mitochondrion
It is synthesized in mitochondrion but it cannot across the Mitochondrial membrane
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| What is the intermediate product if we want to convert acetyl CoA to fatty acid? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Hexokinase (glucokinase in liver)
2) Phosphofructokinase
3) Pyruvate kinase
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| Phosphofructokinase -2 (PFK-2) | show 🗑
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| show | Glucagon synthase + branching enzyme
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| Which enzyme promote the degradation of glycagon | show 🗑
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| show | -ONLY in Liver
-convert glucose 6-phosphate to glucose and export out of cell
muscle lack of this enzyme and cant transport glucose out of cell
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| show | Tyrosine kinase receptor
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| Which transduction pathway does Glucagon and epinephrine associate with? | show 🗑
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| show | glucose-1-phosphate ==> UDP-glucose ==> Glycogen
enzyme: glycogen synthase, branching enzyme)
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| show | glycagon ==> glucose-1-phosphate
enzyme: glycogen phosphorylase, debranching enzyme
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| show | insulin
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| What inihibit glucogen synthase activity? | show 🗑
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| What activate glucogen phosphorylase activity? | show 🗑
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| What inhibit glucogen phosphorylase activity? | show 🗑
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| what factor determine glycogen degradation in muslce cell | show 🗑
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| slow twitch fiber vs fast twitch fiber | show 🗑
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| Myoglobin | show 🗑
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| what type of muscle fiber does muscle involve in posture usually have? | show 🗑
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| What type of muscle fiber does muscle in leg has? | show 🗑
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| show | higher aerobic metabolism and DOES NOT store much glycogen
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| show | The length of fast
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| the effect of ephinephrine and cortisol on skeletal muscle during prolonged fasting? | show 🗑
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| show | -synthesized in kidney, complete in liver, take up by skeletal and cardiac muscle cell
-store energy in creatine phosphate form
-provide rapid energy supply to muscle
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| Myokinase | show 🗑
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| Which pathway is the primary way that skeletal muscle obtains its ATP at the onset of exercise | show 🗑
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| Anaerobic glycolysis | show 🗑
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| show | the cycling of lactate between anaerbic tissue and liver) when anaerobic glycolysis and gluconeogeneiss occur simultaneously
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| show | -present high amount in skeltal and cardiac muscle
increase AST ==> Tissue damage
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| show | Brain; 2 B subunit (CK-BB_
Muslce; 2 M subunit (CK-MM)
Cardiac muscle: 1 M and 1 B subunit (CK-MB)
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| Rhabdomyolysis | show 🗑
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| show | inflammatrion of cell
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| show | Decrease level of creatinine
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