Diagnostic procedures and pharmacology
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assessment | the evaluation or appraisal of a condition
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vital signs | indicates systems are functioning: temperature
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98.6 F | average normal temperature
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hypothermia | abnormally low body temperature
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hyperthermia | an extremely high fever
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pulse | the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
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respiratory rate | also known as respiration
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blood pressure | the force of blood against the walls of the arteries
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sphygmomanometer | measures blood pressure
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systolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles contract
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diastolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles are relaxed
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pain | can be a 5th vital sign
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acute pain | pain that comes on quickly
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chronic pain | pain that can be mild or severe
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auscultation | means listening for sounds within the body and is usually performed thorugh a stethoscope
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rale | also known as a crackle
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rhonchus | also known as wheezing
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stridor | abnormal hgih-pitched harsh sound heard during inhalation
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bruit | an abnormal sound heard during auscultaion of an artery
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heart murmur | an abnormal heart sound that is most commonly a sign of abnormal function of the heart valves
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abdominal sounds | also known as bowel sounds
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palpation | an examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture
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percussion | a diagnostic procedure designed to determine the density of a body part by the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers
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ophthalmoscope | an eye instrument used examine the interior of the eye
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otoscope | an instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane
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speculum | an instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity to facillitate inspection of its interior
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stethoscope | an instrument used to listen to the sounds within the body
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recumbent position | describes any position in which the patient is lying down
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prone position | patient is lying on the belly face down
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horizontal recumbent position | also known as supine position
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dorsal recumbent position | the patient is lying on the back with knees bent
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Sims' position | patient is lying on left side with the right knee and thigh drawn up with the left arm placed along the back
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knee-chest position | patient is lying face down with the hips bent so that the knees and chest rest on the table
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lithotomy position | patient is lying on the back with the feet and legs raised and supported by stirrups
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stat | results are needed immediately
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profile | tests that are frequently performed as a group on automated multichannel laboratory testing equipment
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phlebotomist | an individual trained and skilled in phlebotomy
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phlebotomy | also known as venipuncture
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capillary puncture | technique used when only a small amount of blood is needed as a specimen for a blood test
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complete blood count | series of tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate | also known as sed rate
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hematocrit | describes the percentage
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platelet count | measures the number of platelets in a specified amount of blood and is a screening test to evaluate platelet function
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red blood cell count | a determination of the number of erythrocytes in the blood
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total hemoglobin test | usually part of the complete blood count
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white blood cell count | determination of the number of leukocytes in the blood
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white blood cell differential test | determines what percentage of the total count is composed of each of the five types of leukocyte
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basic metabolic panel | group of eight specific blood tests that provide important information about the current status of the patient's kidneys
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blood urea nitrogen test | measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea
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urea | major end product of protein metabolism found in urine and blood
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crossmatch tests | performed to determine the compatibility of donor and recipient blood before a transfusion
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agglutination | clumping together of the red blood cells
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C-reactive protein test | performed to identify high levels of inflammation within the body
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lipid panel | measures the amount of total cholesterol
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prothrombin time | also known as pro time
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serum bilirubin test | measures the ability of the liver to take up
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thyroid-stimulating hormone assay | measures circulating blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone that can indicate abnormal thyroid activity
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urinalysis | the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
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routine urinalysis | performed to screen for urinary and systemic disorders
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microscopic examination | peformed when more detailed testing of the specimen in necessary
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casts | fibrous or protein materials
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pH | the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
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acidosis | excessive acid in the body fluids
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alkaline urine | pH above 7
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specific gravity | reflects the amount of wastes
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low specific gravity | dilute urine
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high specific gravity | concentrated urine
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acetone | sweet
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albuminuria | presence of the protein albumin in the urine and is the sign of impaired kidney function
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albumin | a form of protein found in most body tissues
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bacteriuria | the presence of bacteria in the urine
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calciuria | the presence of calcium in the urine
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creatinuria | an increased concentration of creatine in the urine
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creatinine | a waste product of muscle metabolism that is normally removed by the kidneys
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drug-screening urine test | a rapid method of identifying the presence in the body of one or more drugs of abuse
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glycosuria | presence of glucose in the urine
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hematuria | presence of blood in the urine
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gross hematuria | presence of blood can be detected without magnification
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microscopic hematuria | urine is clear
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ketonuria | presence of ketones in the urine
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ketones | formed when the body breaks down fat
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proteinuria | the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine
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pyuria | presence of pus in the urine
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urine culture and sensitivity tests | laboratory tests that are used to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection and determine which antibiotic would be the most effective treatment
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endoscopy | visual examination of the interior of a body cavity
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endoscopic surgery | a surgical procedure performed through very small incisions with the use of an endoscope and specialized instruments
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endoscope | a small flexible tube with a light and lens on the end
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laparoscopy | visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope tha is passed through a small incision in the abdominal wall
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centesis | a surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid
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abdominiocentesis | surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid
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arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis to determine the cause of pain or swelling in a joint
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cardiocentesis | also known as cardiopuncture
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pericardiocentesis | puncture of the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid
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tympanocentesis | surgical puncture of the tympanic membrane with a needle to remove fluid or pus from an infected middle ear
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contrast medium | administered by swallowing
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radiopaque | substance does not allow x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film
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radiolucent | substance
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radiography (X-ray) | uses x-radiation passing through the patient to expose a film or create a digital image that shows the body profile
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computed tomography (CT) | uses x-radiation with computer assistance to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce images
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intraveneous contrast medium | injected into a vein to make the flow of blood through blood vessels and organs visible
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barium | a radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract
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radiology | also known as x-rays
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radiologist | a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders with x-rays and other forms of radiant energy
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radiographic positioning | describes the body placement and the part of the body closest to the x-ray film
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radiographic projection | describes the path that the x-ray beam follows through the body from enterance to exit
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anteroposterior projection | patient positioned with the back parallel to the film
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posteroanterior projection | patient positioned facing the film and parallel to it
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lateral projection | patient positioned at right angles to the film
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oblique projection | patient positioned so the body is slanted sideways to the film
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extraoral radiography | film is placed and exposed outside of the mouth
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panoramic radiograph | also known as panorex
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intraoral radiography | film is placed within the mouth and exposed by a camera positioned next to the exterior of the cheek
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periapical radiographs | show the entire tooth and some surrounding tissue
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bite-wing radiographs | show the crowns of teeth in both archs on one side of the mouth
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magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | combines MRI with the use of a contrast medium to locate problems within blood vessels throughout the body
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fluoroscopy | visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen
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cineradiography | recording of images as they appear in motion on a fluorescent screen
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ultrasonography | also known as ultrasound
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sonogram | image created by ultrasonography
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sonographer | technician trained to take a sonogram
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echocardiography | an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart
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doppler echocardiogram | measures the speed and direction of the blood flow within the heart
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fetal ultrasound | noninvasive procedure used to image and evaluate fetal development during pregnancy
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transesophageal echocardiography | also known as TEE
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carotid ultrasonography | use of sound waves to image the carotid artery to detect an obstruction
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nuclear medicine | radioactive substances are administered for either diagnostic or treatment purposes
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radiopharmaceuticals | radioactive substance used for diagnostic or treatment purposes
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nuclear imaging | images document the structure and function of organs being examined
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nuclear scan | also known as a scintigram
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bone scan | nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown
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thyroid scan | a radiopharmaceutical containing radioactive iodine is administered
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single photon emission computed tomography | also known as SPECT
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profusion | means the flow of blood through and organ
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positron emission tomography | also known as PET imaging
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pharmacology | the study of the nature
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pharmacist | licensed specialist who formulates and dispenses prescribed medications
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prescription | medication that can legally be dispensed only by a pharmacist with an order from a licensed professional such as a physician or dentist
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over-the-counter | also known as OTC
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generic drug | usually named for its chemical structure and is not protected by a brand name or trademark
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brand-name drug | sold under the name given the drug by the manufaturer.
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addiction | compulsive
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adverse drug reaction (ADR) | also known as a side-effect
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compliance | patient's consistency and accuracy in following the regimen prescribed by a physician or other health care professional
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contraindication | a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised
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drug interaction | result of drugs reacting with each other
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idiosyncratic reaction | an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual
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palliative | a substance that eases the pain or severity of the symptoms of a disease
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paradoxical reaction | the result of medical treatment that yields the exact opposite of normally expected results
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placebo | an inactive substance
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potentiation | drug interaction that occurs when the effect of one drug is increased by another drug
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antipyretic | medication administered to prevent or reduce fever
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anti-inflammatory | relieves inflammation and pain without affecting consciousness
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analgesic | refers to the class of drugs that relieves pain without affecting consciousness
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acetaminophen | analgesic that reduces pain and fever
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nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | also known as NSAIDs
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ibuprofen | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine that acts as an analgesic to relieve pain
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anticonvulsants | administered to prevent seizures
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antidepressants | administered to prevent or relieve depression
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pain-relieving creams | applied topically to relieve pain
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transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation | TENS
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inhalation administration | vapors and gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed in the bloodstream through the lungs
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oral administration | medications taken by mouth to be absorbed through the walls of the stomach or small intestine
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rectal administration | insertion of medication in the rectum either in the form of a suppository or a liquid
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sublingual administration | placement of medication under the tongue where it is allowed to dissolve slowly
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topical application | liquid or ointment that is rubbed into the skin on the area to be treated
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transdermal medication | administered from a patch that is applied to unbroken skin
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parenteral | taken into the body in a manner other than the digestive tract
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subcutaneous injection (SC) | made into the fatty layer just below the skin
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intradermal injection | made into the middle layers of the skin
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intramuscular injection (IM) | made directly into the muscular tissue
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intravenous unjection (IV) | made directly into a vein
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bolus | also known as a bolus infusion
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peripherally inserted central catheter | PICC line
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