| Question | Answer |
| % of dry body weight | 3-5% |
| Macrominerals | -major minerals
-needed in larger amounts in the diet
-measured in % or g/kg
-Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S |
| Microminerals | -trace minerals
-needed in relatively small dietary amounts
-measured in ppm or mg/kg
-Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, I, Se, Co, Mo, F (most needed to least) |
| Affects on Mineral Deficiencies/Imbalances | -performance
-disease resistance
-reproduction |
| Symptoms of Mineral Deficiencies/Imbalances | -weight loss
-unhealthy look (skin, coat, hair, etc.) |
| Occurence of Mineral Deficiencies/Imbalances | -low dietary levels relative to requirements
-low bioavailability
-level of antagonistic minerals |
| Calcium | -Ca
-~1/2 of body's total minerals
-effects bone & teeth, muscle contraction, nerve function
-sources: dairy products, green leafy vegetables, forages |
| Phosphorus | -P
-~1/4 of body's total minerals
-"master mineral": involved in almost every metabolic process
-sources: dairy products, grains(ruminants only) |
| Ca:P Ratio | -2:1
-meeting requirements
-safe range: 1.5:1-6:1
-too low: results in urinary calculi |
| Sodium | -Na
-extracellular cation and acid-base balance |
| Chlorine | -Cl
-osmotic pressure and acid-base
-HCl in stomach |
| Magnesium | -Mg
-enzyme activator |
| Sulfur | -S
-Sulfur-containing amino acids (high protein feeds are a good source)
-Biotin and Thiamine |
| Potassium | -K
-intracellular cation and acid-base
-muscle activity
-found in forages and molasses |
| Mineral Supplementation | -Salt(NaCl): 38.8%Na, 60.0%Cl
-Limestone(calcium carbonate): 37.1%Ca
-Dicalcium Phosphate: 21.8%Ca, 18.5%P
-Potassium Chloride
-Magnesium Chloride |
| Cobalt | -Co
-vitamin B12 |
| Copper | -Cu
-hair pigmentation |
| Flourine | -F
-tooth decay
-excess is more of a concern |
| Iron | -Fe
-cellular respiration
-hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes |
| Iodine | -I
-Thyroxine |
| Manganese | -Mn
-metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids |
| Molybdenum | -Mo
-nucleic acid metabolism |
| Selenium | -Se
-protects against membrane damage
-very narrow range |
| Zinc | -Zn
-enzyme cofactor
-hair, feather, skin |
| Mineral Functions | -Structural material(skeleton, protein synthesis)
-Regulators(O2 transport, fluid balance, acid-base balance, enzyme systems, relationship with vitamins) |
| Mineral Sources | -Forages: generally good(good source Ca, low P)
-Grains: moderate P source(low in others, almost devoid of Ca)
-trace minerals ofted related to soil concentration
-water
-availablity can be a major problem |
| Mineral Summary | -inorganic nutrient
-produces no energy
-used as structural material and body regulators
-macro and microminerals
-forages and grains are very different sources
-balances are very important |
