Question | Answer |
list all multicellular exocrine glands involving compound structures of the ducts | compound tubular, compound alveolar, and compound tubularalveolar |
what is an example of an unicellular exocrine gland | a goblet cell |
how are multicellular exocrine glands classified | based on their structure of ducts and on their secretory portion |
what are (3) types of secretion | mucous acinus, serous acinus, and mixed acinus |
which type of secretion are thin & watery, and have small central lumen | serous acinus |
which type of secretion have large central lumen, lots of carbohydrates, and are generally viscerous | mucous acinus |
how are multicellular exocrine glands classified with regards to their structure of their glands | simple (branched & coiled) & compound |
how are multicellular exocrine glands classified with regards to their shape of secretory portion | tubular, alveolar, and tubularalveolar |
list all the multicellular exocrine glands involving simple type structral ducts | simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple alveolar, and simple branched alveolar |
in what ways can secretion occur | holocrine, apocrine, and merocrine |
what type of secretion occurs when a cell dies to release its contents (generally has a high mitotic rate) | holocrine |
what type of secretion occurs when a portion of the cell pinches off causing a loss of some cytoplasm and cell membrane | apocrine |
which type of secretion is the most common and releases by exocytosis from the surface of the cell | merocrine |
what are cell junctions | a specalized attachment between adjacent cells |
cell junctions are modifications of what membrane | plasma membrane |
cell junctions act as what for adjacent cells | anchors |
list all the type of cell junctions | tight junctions, zonula adhearensm desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions |
what type of junction are water tight junctions | tight junctions |
what do tight junctions prevent from passing between the cells | water soluble molecules |
what fuzed tight junctions together | proteins |
how can tight junctions be disrupted | lack of calcium |
zonula adherens use proteins also, what anchors these proteins | actin microfilliments |
what do hemidesmosomes attach together | the cell and the basel membrane |
what type of cell junction are disc shaped and use cytoplasmic intermediate filliments for anchors | desmosomes |
what cell junction is near the bottom layer between the cell | gap junction |
do gap junctions hold cells together | no |
what cell junction is not considered part of the terminal bar | gap junction |
what do gap junctions allow to pass | ions and molecules (size and charge matter) |
where are gap junctions important | in cardiac and smooth muscles cells, allowing muliply cells to act as one unit |
what is the main purposes of microvilli, sterocillia, and cillia | increase surface area and move substances |
microvilli are normally how long | 1 micrometer |
what are microvill covered with | glycocalyx proteins |
are microvilli motie or non-motile | non motile |
described what sterocillia are | really long microvilli (misnamed) |
what is the common name for cillia and flagella | axoneme |
are cillia and flagella motie or non-motile | motile |
do cillia or flagella move the cell around | flagella |
what is the motor protein for cillia | axonemal dynein |
what do cillia use for energy | ATP |
what do axoneme (flagella & cillia) look in a cross section | contain 9 doublets of microtubles surrounding 2 single microtubules (9+2) |
what do axoneme (flagella & cillia) look in a cross section in the base | 9 triplets of microtublues with no central microtubules (9+0) |
decribed the a cell cycle | it's the orderly progression of events in the ife of a cell |
what are the two divisons of cell divisions | interphase and mitosis |
what are the phases of a cell | G1, S, G2, M |
what is the first phase of in a cell cycle | G1 (gap 1) |
what occurs during G1 | the cell carries out normal functions, synthesis of proteins, grows |
how long does G1 phase last | it can last hours to years (variable) |
what does the cell do before going into S phase of the cell cycle | enters a checkpoint to ensure the enviornment is right and DNA is intact |
what is the second phase of a cell cycle | synthesis phase |
what occurs during S phase | synthesis of DNA |
how long does S phase last | 6-8 hours |
what is the third phase in a cell cycle | G2 (gap 2) |
how long does G2 phase last | 3-6 hours |
what is synthesized during G2 | tublin for microtubulars |
what is the purpose of a checkpoint at the end of G2 | determines if DNA is replicated correctly and ready for mitosis |
what is the fourth phase of a cell cycle | mitosis |
how long does mitosis last | 1-2 hours |
what cycle keeps a cell staying in G1 phase | G0 phase |
what are the phases of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
what breaks down during prophase | the nuclear envelope |
prophase causes chromosomes to do what | condense |
what is the second phase of mitosis | metaphase |
where do chromosomes align during metaphase | midline / equator of cell |
chromosomes seperate into sister chromatids at what phase of mitosis | metaphase |
what phase is anaphase in mitosis | third phase |
what happens to the chromosomes during anaphase | chromosomes move toward opposite poles |
what is the final stage of mitosis | telophase |
what feature is regenerated during telophase | nuclear envelope |
what happens to chromosomes | chromosomes disperse |
what is the division of cytoplasm | cytokinesis |
what does apoptosis mean | programed cell death |
where is apoptosis commonly seen | during embroyonic development |
give an example of apoptosis during development | development of hands and feet |
in adult tissue what does apoptosis help balance | cell division |
cells are removed by apoptosis in adults because they are what | damaged or ineffective |
does apoptosis cause an inflammatory response | no |
external regulation of a cell allows specific receptors to bind to what | the cell surface |
external regulation also send cytoplasmic signals to where | cellular componets |
internal regulation involves what | cyclins and maturation promoting factor (MPF) |
when does the concentration of cyclins increase | during interphase |
when does the concentration of MPF increase | during entry into mitosis |