Question | Answer |
You have a patient with an ischemic limb due to a clot and you restore blood flow. What happens to those ischemic cells now? | Reperfusion Injury. Blood to flow into the area brings with it O2 (free radical formation) Ca++ (Phospholipase A2 activation) and Leukocytes (inflammation) |
Name some antioxidants | Vit E, Glutathione, Transferrin, Ascorbic Acid, ceruloplasmin (Ascorbc Acid is commonly given on the wards to help with wound healing) |
what are two enzymes that help inactivate ROS | Superoxide dismutase and catalase |
what are some metals that result in direct chemical cell injury | mercury, lead, and Iron |
Redundancy? | maintenance and repair mechanism of vital structures resulting in increased reliability |
Progeria? | You may have seen these guys on the Maury show. Premature accelerated aging. Google image this one and you won't forget it! |
Werner's | Defect on Chromosome 8 that results in rapid aging |
Is acute cell injury always permanent | NO! there is both reversible and irreversible forms of cell injury |
Pyknosis | condensation of nuclear chromatin and reduction in nuclear size (Pyk the Pit out of the olive with is what the nuclear content looks like with pyknosis) |
Karyolysis | dissolution of the nucleus (looks like a speckled ball) |
Karyorrhexis | Fragmentation of the nucleus (Fragments are larger than specks and you will see clumps) |
Necrosis | a PASSIVE unregulated injurious process |
Heterolysis | when enzymes released from inflammatory cells assist in the digeston of necrotic cells |
Autolysis | begins after cell death and is secondary to release of proteolytic hydrolytic enzymes from lysozymes WITHIN the dead cell |
Examples of Coagulation Necrosis are seen in? | INFARCT of heart or lung (lots of blood in both of these organs to coagulate) |
Examples of liquefaction necrosis are seen in? | BRAIN infarcts and Abscesses (Liquid Brain) |
Caseous Necrosis | combo of liquefactive an coagulative necrosis with a yummy "Cottage Cheese" appearance |
When do you see caseous necrosis in real life | tuberculosis |
You have a brain infarct what type of necrosis do you expect? | liquefaction |
You have a heart attack. What type of necrosis do you expect? | coagulation |
You have a lung infarct. What type of necrosis do you expect? | coagulation |
Where might you find fat necrosis? | in the peripancreatic and mesenteric fat |
Saponification is part of what type of necrosis? | Fat necrosis (soap is just broken down fat) |
Gangrene is another word for? | Necrosis |
Dry Gangrene is what type of necrosis? | coagulative necrosis |
Wet Gangrene is what type of necrosis? | Liquifaction |
Apoptosis | A HIGHLY regulated energy dependent coordinated process leading to cell death (ACTIVE Programmed death) |
Is apoptosis always a bad thing? | NO! We would all have webbed hands if it weren't for apoptosis removing cells to separate our fingers. |
What happens when apoptosis fails? | CANCER and other developmental abnormalities |
Place the following aspects of apoptosis in order...1) apoptotic bodies 2) blebs 3) crescents | blebs, crescents, bodies |
If there is acute inflammation present with the death of a cell what do you have apoptosis or necrosis? | Necrosis, apoptosis does not have any acute inflammation |
Fas..Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | inducer |
TNF ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer (it stands for Tumor Necrosis Factor) |
CSF...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Suppressor - so if you stimulate colonies of cells to form you should suppress apoptosis |
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Suppressor - growth and apoptosis are opposite so it suppresses apoptosis |
Caspases... Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
p53 ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
bax...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
EBV...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Suppressor (ebstein barr virus) |
viral hepatiis...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
bcl-2...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | suppressor |
TGF-b ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
Ca ions....Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
Major common pathway of apoptosis? | Cysteine proteolytic caspases |
Does EndoG need the caspases for activation? | no it can function on its own |
bax and bcl-2 have opposite effects which does which? | bcl-2 suppresses appoptoss and bax induces they "fight" each other |
What does ubiquitin do? | marks substrates for destruction by apoptosis |
Comparison of loss of cell adhesion between necrosis and apoptosis | Necrosis has late loss of cell adhesion and apoptois has early loss |
Are organelles damaged early or late in the process of apoptosis | late (necrosis is early) |
Karyohexis is associated with necrosis or apoptosis | Apoptosis |
Karyolysis is associated with necrosis or apoptosis | Necrosis |
Necrosis is damage at what cellular level | Tissues (apoptosis is at the level of single cells) |
Do you get scar formation with necrosis or apoptosis | necrosis (apoptosis has complete absorption) |
Atrophy | Decrease in cell size and function |
You have a patient in bed for a long period of time with a peripheral nerve injury in a leg that they aren't really using anymore who is eating poorly and not leaving their O2 mask on.... what type of cellular reaction will they have | atrophy (note oxygenation is more of a peripheral blood flow thing but it helps to have a picture in your head) |
Main difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia | hypetrophy-increase in cell size hyperplasia-increase in the number of cells |
When you have a continuous cell injury do you get hypertrophy or hyperplasia | hyperplasia (think of it like increasing the padding) |
Metaplasia | REVERSIBLE conversion of one differentiated cel type to another from chronic irritation or inflammation |
You have a nasty habit of smoking three packs of cigarettes a day so your columnar epithelium decides to become squamous epithelium to protect itself. This is an example of? | metaplasia due to chronic irritaiton and inflammation |
when water accumulates in the cells you get what effect on the tissue | Edema |
Xanthoma is a result of what accumulated substance | cholesterol (Cholesterol is yellow and xantho is greek for yellow) |
Hemosiderosis is the result of what accumulated substance | Iron (this can be bad news for someone's liver. It can be treated by donating blood so give to your red cross just in case) |
Wilsons is the result of accumulation of this substance | Copper (it can cause psychosis and will leave little rusty brown rings around the corneas "Keyser Fleischer rings") |
Black lung is accumulation of what substance | Anthracosis |
Jaundice is the accumulation of what substance | Bilirubin (this is a yellow pigment normally cleared by the liver but in people who have cirrhosis like alcoholics it is not cleared leaving a yellow hue to the person's skin and eyes) |
Gout is the accumulation of what substance | Urate (small crystal accumulate leaving joints so painful that even a bed sheet on a big toe is excruciating) |