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Cell Injury & Death
Lecture 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| You have a patient with an ischemic limb due to a clot and you restore blood flow. What happens to those ischemic cells now? | Reperfusion Injury. Blood to flow into the area brings with it O2 (free radical formation) Ca++ (Phospholipase A2 activation) and Leukocytes (inflammation) |
| Name some antioxidants | Vit E, Glutathione, Transferrin, Ascorbic Acid, ceruloplasmin (Ascorbc Acid is commonly given on the wards to help with wound healing) |
| what are two enzymes that help inactivate ROS | Superoxide dismutase and catalase |
| what are some metals that result in direct chemical cell injury | mercury, lead, and Iron |
| Redundancy? | maintenance and repair mechanism of vital structures resulting in increased reliability |
| Progeria? | You may have seen these guys on the Maury show. Premature accelerated aging. Google image this one and you won't forget it! |
| Werner's | Defect on Chromosome 8 that results in rapid aging |
| Is acute cell injury always permanent | NO! there is both reversible and irreversible forms of cell injury |
| Pyknosis | condensation of nuclear chromatin and reduction in nuclear size (Pyk the Pit out of the olive with is what the nuclear content looks like with pyknosis) |
| Karyolysis | dissolution of the nucleus (looks like a speckled ball) |
| Karyorrhexis | Fragmentation of the nucleus (Fragments are larger than specks and you will see clumps) |
| Necrosis | a PASSIVE unregulated injurious process |
| Heterolysis | when enzymes released from inflammatory cells assist in the digeston of necrotic cells |
| Autolysis | begins after cell death and is secondary to release of proteolytic hydrolytic enzymes from lysozymes WITHIN the dead cell |
| Examples of Coagulation Necrosis are seen in? | INFARCT of heart or lung (lots of blood in both of these organs to coagulate) |
| Examples of liquefaction necrosis are seen in? | BRAIN infarcts and Abscesses (Liquid Brain) |
| Caseous Necrosis | combo of liquefactive an coagulative necrosis with a yummy "Cottage Cheese" appearance |
| When do you see caseous necrosis in real life | tuberculosis |
| You have a brain infarct what type of necrosis do you expect? | liquefaction |
| You have a heart attack. What type of necrosis do you expect? | coagulation |
| You have a lung infarct. What type of necrosis do you expect? | coagulation |
| Where might you find fat necrosis? | in the peripancreatic and mesenteric fat |
| Saponification is part of what type of necrosis? | Fat necrosis (soap is just broken down fat) |
| Gangrene is another word for? | Necrosis |
| Dry Gangrene is what type of necrosis? | coagulative necrosis |
| Wet Gangrene is what type of necrosis? | Liquifaction |
| Apoptosis | A HIGHLY regulated energy dependent coordinated process leading to cell death (ACTIVE Programmed death) |
| Is apoptosis always a bad thing? | NO! We would all have webbed hands if it weren't for apoptosis removing cells to separate our fingers. |
| What happens when apoptosis fails? | CANCER and other developmental abnormalities |
| Place the following aspects of apoptosis in order...1) apoptotic bodies 2) blebs 3) crescents | blebs, crescents, bodies |
| If there is acute inflammation present with the death of a cell what do you have apoptosis or necrosis? | Necrosis, apoptosis does not have any acute inflammation |
| Fas..Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | inducer |
| TNF ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer (it stands for Tumor Necrosis Factor) |
| CSF...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Suppressor - so if you stimulate colonies of cells to form you should suppress apoptosis |
| Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Suppressor - growth and apoptosis are opposite so it suppresses apoptosis |
| Caspases... Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
| p53 ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
| bax...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
| EBV...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Suppressor (ebstein barr virus) |
| viral hepatiis...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
| bcl-2...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | suppressor |
| TGF-b ...Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
| Ca ions....Inducer or Suppressor of Apoptosis? | Inducer |
| Major common pathway of apoptosis? | Cysteine proteolytic caspases |
| Does EndoG need the caspases for activation? | no it can function on its own |
| bax and bcl-2 have opposite effects which does which? | bcl-2 suppresses appoptoss and bax induces they "fight" each other |
| What does ubiquitin do? | marks substrates for destruction by apoptosis |
| Comparison of loss of cell adhesion between necrosis and apoptosis | Necrosis has late loss of cell adhesion and apoptois has early loss |
| Are organelles damaged early or late in the process of apoptosis | late (necrosis is early) |
| Karyohexis is associated with necrosis or apoptosis | Apoptosis |
| Karyolysis is associated with necrosis or apoptosis | Necrosis |
| Necrosis is damage at what cellular level | Tissues (apoptosis is at the level of single cells) |
| Do you get scar formation with necrosis or apoptosis | necrosis (apoptosis has complete absorption) |
| Atrophy | Decrease in cell size and function |
| You have a patient in bed for a long period of time with a peripheral nerve injury in a leg that they aren't really using anymore who is eating poorly and not leaving their O2 mask on.... what type of cellular reaction will they have | atrophy (note oxygenation is more of a peripheral blood flow thing but it helps to have a picture in your head) |
| Main difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia | hypetrophy-increase in cell size hyperplasia-increase in the number of cells |
| When you have a continuous cell injury do you get hypertrophy or hyperplasia | hyperplasia (think of it like increasing the padding) |
| Metaplasia | REVERSIBLE conversion of one differentiated cel type to another from chronic irritation or inflammation |
| You have a nasty habit of smoking three packs of cigarettes a day so your columnar epithelium decides to become squamous epithelium to protect itself. This is an example of? | metaplasia due to chronic irritaiton and inflammation |
| when water accumulates in the cells you get what effect on the tissue | Edema |
| Xanthoma is a result of what accumulated substance | cholesterol (Cholesterol is yellow and xantho is greek for yellow) |
| Hemosiderosis is the result of what accumulated substance | Iron (this can be bad news for someone's liver. It can be treated by donating blood so give to your red cross just in case) |
| Wilsons is the result of accumulation of this substance | Copper (it can cause psychosis and will leave little rusty brown rings around the corneas "Keyser Fleischer rings") |
| Black lung is accumulation of what substance | Anthracosis |
| Jaundice is the accumulation of what substance | Bilirubin (this is a yellow pigment normally cleared by the liver but in people who have cirrhosis like alcoholics it is not cleared leaving a yellow hue to the person's skin and eyes) |
| Gout is the accumulation of what substance | Urate (small crystal accumulate leaving joints so painful that even a bed sheet on a big toe is excruciating) |
Created by:
UVAPATHOLOGY
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