| list: | items |
| 5 hand positions for diagnosing Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: | Resting
Elevated
Pledge
Stick up
Symptomatic |
| 2 causes of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | • Majority of cases - neurogenic compression of the brachial plexus
• Small percentage of cases - compression of the subclavian artery or vein |
| 2 symptoms of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: | o Numbness or tingling of the arm
o Pain or aching in the shoulder or forearm |
| 4 symptoms of Compartment Syndrome: | • Paresthesia
• Pain
• Weakness of the involved muscle
• Late sign is loss of pulse |
| 2 diseases affecting primarily women: | Fibromuscular Displasia and Raynaud’s Syndrome |
| 2 diseases affecting primarily males: | Buerger’s disease and Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome |
| 4 types of Fibromuscular Displasia: | • intimal fibroplasia
• medial fibroplasia – most common form
• medial hyperplasia
• perimedial dysplasia |
| 3 types (locations) of Coarctation of the Aorta: | Preductal
Juxtductal
Postductal |
| 7 Treatments —Raynaud’s: | • Cessation of smoking
• Cold/stress avoidance
• Calcium channel blockers
• Sympathetic blocking agents
• Treat associated disease
• Cervico-thoracic sympathectomy
• Micro-revascularization |
| 4 Non-imaging techniques used in penile exams: | • CW Doppler (8-10 MHz transducer)
• Volume plethysmography
• Photoplethysmography (PPG)
• Strain-gauge plethysmography (SPG) |
| Normal PBI = | 0.7- 1.0 |
| Marginal PBI = | 0.6 – 0.7 |
| Abnormal PBI = | less than 0.6 |
| PSV after injection in erectile state (at 5 minutes post injection)-- Normal: | ≥35 cm/sec |
| PSV after injection in erectile state (at 5 minutes post injection): Marginal = | 25-34 cm/sec |
| PSV after injection in erectile state (at 5 minutes post injection)-- Reduced: | <25 cm/sec |
| Other name for Buerger’s disease: | thromboangitis obliterans |
| Other name for thromboangitis obliterans: | Buerger’s disease |
| 2 Types of Small Vessel Occlusive Disease – | Fixed (Arteritis) and Vasospastic (Raynaud's) |
| 2 locations for Fibromuscular Displasia: | Renal arteries and ICA |
| 2 most common locations for FMD to occur: | ICA FMD: distal segment of ICA / Renal FMD: Mid-distal portion of renal artery |
| 2 types of Raynaud's: | Primary and Secondary |
| 3 sites to Doppler the penis: | Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral aspects |
| 2 measurements suggestive of a venous leak in penile exam | PSV >35 cm/sec and EDV > 6 cm/sec |
| Rate of blood flow necessary for hemodialysis: | 250ml/min |
| 2 locations for a Brescia-Cimino Fistula: | Radial artery to cephalic vein (most common) // Ulnar artery to basilic vein |
| 2 characteristics Brescia-Cimino Fistulas are known for: | Long-term patency and low complication rate |
| 2 types of access grafts: | Common straight and common loop |
| 4 types of common straight access grafts: | * Distal radial artery to cephalic vein
* Distal radial to median cubital vein
* Distal radial to basilic vein
* Distal brachial artery to proximal basilic or axillary vein |
| 5 types of common loop access grafts: | * Distal brachial artery to cephalic vein
* Distal brachial artery to median cubital vein
* Distal brachial artery to basilic vein
* Proximal brachial artery to axillary vein
* Superficial femoral artery to greater saphenous vein |
| 6 Complications – Graft/AV fistulas: | * Thrombus/occlusion
* Stenosis
* Infection
* Arterial steal
* Distal venous hypertension
* Aneurysms/pseudoaneurysms (common) |
| 2 types of abnormal AV fistula: | congenital or traumatic |
| 2 clinical presentations of abnormal AV fistula: | Bruit and leg/arm ischemia |
| Most common site for AV fistula due to trauma: | Femoral junction (d/t cardiac cath) |
| If fistula is large and chronic, both arterial and venous flow may be ________ (distal to the fistula) | Retrograde |
| Compared to the normal artery, flow in the artery proximal to the fistula is greatly ___________, especially during ___________. | increased, diastole |
| With an abnormal fistula, proximal venous flow also _________& becomes more _________. | increases, pulsatile |
| BP in the distal artery is always _________ past the fistula | reduced |
| Arterial flow is normal if the resistance _________ the distal ____________ ________. | exceeds, vascular bed |
| Due to pressure (with fistula), valves that would prevent retrograde flow become ____________. | incompetent |
| Peripherally located fistulas less likely to cause ______, but more likely to cause _________ | CHF, ischemia |
| The ______ and _______ predict the resistance of the fistula | diameter and length |
| Fistulas can involve ________ & ________ arteries and veins as well as __________ arteries and veins | proximal & distal , collateral |
| 3 symptoms of leg/arm ischemia: | Pain,
Claudication, and
Pallor |
| In AV malformation, dilated, anomalous ________ shunt blood too quickly from arterial to venous side | capillaries |
| AV malformation, 2 common presentations: | seizure and hemorrhage |
| 2 treatments for larger fistulas: | Surgery to block abnormal channel or Endovascular coils inserted into fistula |
| In evaluation of AV Fistulas, normal flow direction in distal artery should be: | Antegrade |
| In evaluation of AV Fistulas, ________ flow in distal artery may occur due to chronic large fistula | Retrograde |
| Similar to AV fistulas, _______________ consists of a congenital abnormality which is the most common _________ ___________. | AV malformation , cerebrovascular malformation |
