Question | Answer |
The process by which a single cell duplicates its genetic material is called? | mitosis |
This replication process (mitosis) gives humans a new body every? | 10 years. |
The duplicated (mitotic) cells contain? | 46 chromosomes. |
A special type of cellular division that produces the sex cells (spermatozoa and ova) is called? | meiosis. |
Meiotic cells (spermatozoa and ova) contain? | 23 chromosomes. |
The primary sex organs of the male reproductive system are the? | paired male gonads AKA testes (testicles). |
Oxygenated blood is transported to the testes via the? | testicular arteries. |
Deoxygenated blood is transported away from the testes via the? | testicular veins. |
The testes are responsible for producing? | 1. Spermatozoa.
2. Testosterone. |
Spermatozoa are? | male sex cells. |
The part of a testicle where spermatogenesis occurs is called the? | seminiferous tubules. |
Spermatozoa are produced at a rate of about? | 300 million/day. |
Spermatozoa have three distinct parts called the? | 1. The head
2. The midpiece
3. The flagellum (tail). |
The head contains the? | genetic material. |
The midpiece contains the? | energy (ATP)for locomotion. |
The function of the flagella is to? | propel the spermatozoa up the female reproductive tract. |
Developing spermatozoa are stored in a comma shaped structure adjacent to each testicle called the? | epididymis. |
An epididymis is a tube (duct) whose length is approximately? | 20 feet long. |
It takes the spermatozoa approximately? | 20 days to move through it. |
The spermatozoa travel from the epididymes to the urethra via the? | vasa deferentia AKA
seminal ducts AKA
ductus deferentes. |
Surgical removal of a section from both seminal ducts causing sterility (infertility) is called a? | bilateral vasectomy. |
This procedure (bilateral vasectomy) will NOT affect the? | sex drive (libido) or secondary sexual characteristics. |
The seminal ducts, testicular arteries, and testicular veins are surrounded by a protective sheath called the? | spermatic cord. |
The vessel responsible for the expulsion of the spermatozoa into the urethra is called the? | ejaculatory duct. |
The liquid portion of the ejaculate is called the? | semen AKA seminal fluid. |
The average volume of semen per ejaculation is? | 2.5 - 6 mL. roughly a teaspoon. |
The number of spermatozoa ejaculated can be in excess of? | 300 million. |
Only thousands reach the? | cervix. |
Only a few hundred reach the? | ovum. |
If the number of spermatozoa falls below 20 million, the male is considered? | sterile (infertile). |
Once ejaculated the spermatozoa can live inside the reproductive tract for approximately? | 48 - 72 hours. |
Large numbers of spermatozoa are required to fertilize an ovum because? | the ovum has a protective membrane that must be broken down by an enzyme secreted from the head of each spermatozoon. |
The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 1. Milky in color. |
The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 2. Viscous. |
The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 3, Sticky because it contains fructose (energy for the spermatozoa). |
The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 4. Alkaline so it can neutralize the acidity of the vaginal secretions and urine. |
The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 5. Contains seminalplasmin which has the capability of protecting spermatozoa by destroying certain bacteria found in the vaginal tract and semen. |
The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 6. Contains enzymes that activate the spermatozoa after ejaculation. |
The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 7. Contains prostaglandins that promote muscular contractions of the female genital tract. |
Semen is produced by the? | 1. Prostate |
The prostate is a doughnut-shaped gland approximately the size and shape of a? | chestnut. |
The prostate surrounds the portion the superior portion of the? | urethra just inferior to the urinary bladder. |
Semen is produced by the? | Seminal vesicles. |
The seminal vesicles are paired pouch-like structures approximately 2 inches in length located? | posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. |
Bulbourethral glands AKA? | Cowper glands. |
The bulbourethral (Cowper)glands are paired glands the size of? | peas and are located just inferior to the prostate. |
Testosterone is the? | male sex hormone. |
The part of a testicle that produces testosterone is called the? | interstitial cells of Leydig. |
Testosterone controls? | 1. Development, growth, and maintenance of the male sex organs. |
Testosterone controls? | 2. Causes descent (usually just before birth) of the testes from the abdominopelvic cavity into the scrotum. |
Testosterone controls? | 3. Causes the shoulders to broaden and hips to narrow during puberty. |
Testosterone controls? | 4. Causes protein build up in muscles producing muscular bulk and firmness in their physique. |
Testosterone controls? | 5. Causes maturation of the spermatozoa. |
Testosterone controls? | 6. Causes enlargement of the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple). |
Testosterone controls? | 7. Causes deepening of voice. |
Testosterone controls? | 8. Causes aggressive behavior. |
Testosterone controls? | 9. Causes facial, body, and pubic hair to appear. |
Testosterone controls? | 10. Stimulates the sexual drive (libido). |
An outpouching of loose skin from the abdominal wall which supports and contains the testes is called the? | scrotum. |
Internally the scrotum is separated into? | two sacs by a septum. |
Each sac contains a? | testis (testicle). |
The scrotum lies outside of the body because? | spermatozoa and testosterone production require a temperature (-3F) lower than normal body temperature. |
Depending on the temperature, the scrotum has the ability to? | contract and relax. |
The urethra in males is the? | vessel that carries urine, sperm, and semen to the outside world. |
The length of the male urethra is approximately? | 8 inches. |
The male urethra is subdivided into three parts? | 1. Prostatic urethra which is surrounded by the prostate. |
The male urethra is subdivided into three parts? | 2. Membranous urethra which runs from the prostatic urethra to the penis. |
The male urethra is subdivided into three parts? | 3. The spongy or cavernous urethra found inside the penis and terminates, at the male urethral orifice (meatus, os). |
The penis is designed to? | introduce spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract. |
The penis consists of the shaft whose distal end is a slightly enlarged region called the? | glans penis. |
Covering the glans penis is a section of loose skin called the? | prepuce (foreskin). |
Internally the penis is composed of? | three cylindrical masses of spongy tissue containing blood sinuses. |
Sexual stimulation causes the penile arteries to? | dilate allowing large quantities of blood to enter the penis. |
Expansion of the blood sinuses compress the? | penile veins. |
These events cause an? | erection. |
Once sexual stimulation ceases, the penile arteries will? | Constrict |
The penile veins drain the blood and the? | erection is lost. |
The inability to achieve or maintain an erection is called? | impotence AKA erectile dysfunction (ED). |
Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 1. Poorly controlled stress. |
Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 2. Trauma to the nerve controlling blood flow to the penis. |
Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 3. Diabetes mellitus (DM). |
Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 4. Arteriosclerosis of the arteries that supply blood to the penis. |
Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 5. Side effects from certain medications such as anti hypertensives and antidepressants. |
Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra work by? | causing vasodilation of the arteries supplying the penis. |
The Primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are the? | paired female gonads called the ovaries. |
The ovaries are the size of? | unshelled almonds. |
The ovaries are located in the? | superior portion of the pelvic cavity one on each side of the uterus. |
The structures that attaches an ovary to the uterus is called the? | utero-ovarian ligament. |
The ovaries are responsible for? | 1. OOgenesis
2.Production of the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. |
Immature ova are called? | oocytes. |
Developing ova are referred to as? | follicles. |
The pituitary gland produces a hormone responsible for maturation of a follicle called? | FSH (follicle stimulating hormone). |
FSH is released approximately every? | 28 days. |
The pituitary gland produces a hormone that stimulates ovulation called? | LH (luteinizing hormone). |
Expulsion of an ovum from the ovary is called? | ovulation. |
The average female can ovulate approximately? | 450 times in a lifetime. |
Usually the ovaries alternate? | ovulations. |
If the ovaries ovulate at the same time and the two ova are fertilized, the result will be? | fraternal twins. |
If a fertilized ovum splits it's genetic material (DNA) into two separate ova the result will be? | identical twins. |
The structures that transports ova from the ovaries to the uterus are called? | fallopian tubes AKA
uterine tubes AKA
oviducts. |
The finger-like projections of the fallopian tube(s) that catches the expelled ovum is called the? | fimbriae. |
The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 1. A waving action of the fimbriae. |
The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 2. Ciliary action. |
The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 3. Peristalsis. |
The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 4. Muscle contractions in the walls of the uterine tubes. |
Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 1. Menstruation (menses) |
Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 2. Breast development. |
Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 3. Pubic, body, and axillary hair. |
Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 4. Pelvic bones widen. |
Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 5. Fat deposits (adipose tissue) in the skin cause a "soft look". |
Union of a sperm with an ovum is called? | fertilization (conception). |
Development of a fertilized ovum from conception to birth is called? | gestation or pregnancy. |
The uterus is AKA? | The womb. |
The uterus is located in the pelvic cavity between the? | urinary bladder and the rectum |
The uterus is the shape of an? | inverted pear. |
The uterus should be angled forward in an? | anteflexion position. |
The uterus is where the fertilized ovum will? | 1. implant
2. develop into a fetus
3. be expelled during labor. |
The superior portion of the uterus is called the? | fundus. |
The middle portion of the uterus is called the? | corpus (body). |
The inferior portion (neck) of the uterus is called the? | cervix. |
The interior of the body of the uterus is called the? | uterine cavity. |
The interior of the cervix is called the? | cervical canal. |
The opening of the cervix into the vagina is called the? | external os. |
The outermost layer of the uterus is called the? | perimetrium (uterine serosa). |
The middle (muscle) layer of the uterus is called the? | myometrium. |
The innermost layer of the uterus is called the? | endometrium. |
The region between the uterus and rectum (recto uterine pouch) is called the? | Douglas' cul-de-sac. |
The cyclic sloughing of the endometrium is called? | menstruation or menses. |
This cycle varies from woman to woman with a range of? | 24 - 35 days. |
The phases of the menstrual cycle are? | 1. Menstrual phase days 1 - 5
2. Pre-ovulatory phase days 1- 13.
3. Ovulatory phase day 14.
4. Post-ovulatory phase days 15 - 28. |
The menstrual phase is where the? | endometrium is sloughed (discarded). |
The pre-ovulatory phase is where the? | endometrium lining thickens in preparation for implantation. |
The ovulatory phase is where the? | ovum is expelled from the ovary. |
The post-ovulatory phase is where the? | 1. Endometrium continues to thicken and develop in order to receive the fertilized ovum. |
The post-ovulatory phase is where the? | 2. Endometrium atrophies and will be shed (sloughed) during the menstrual phase. |
The hormones responsible for the thickening and development of the endometrium are? | estrogen and progesterone. |
Most of the BCPs (birth control pills) OCPs (Oral contraceptive pills) are varying dosages of? | estrogen and progesterone. |
The tissue that will form a connection between the maternal and fetal blood supplies is called the? | placenta |
A hormone produced produced by the placenta that will support the developing pregnancy is called? | HCG (human chorionic gonnadotropin). |
HCG can be detected with an? | early pregnancy test (EPT). |
EPTs (early pregnancy tests) can be performed on a women's? | urine or serum. |
The placenta also secrets increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone to support the pregnancy and cause? | 1. Breast (mammary tissue) development.
2. Milk production (lactogenesis). |
The vagina is a tubular structure which is lined with? | mucous membranes. |
The function of the vagina includes? | 1. passageway for menstruation (menses) |
The function of the vagina includes? | 2. receptacle for the penis, semen, and sperm during intercourse (coitus, copulation). |
The function of the vagina includes? | 3. Inferior portion of the birth canal. |
The connection between the vagina and the cervix is called the? | fornix. |
The external female genitalia is called the? | vulva or pudendum. |
The mound of elevated adipose tissue that becomes covered with pubic hair is called the? | mons pubis or veneris. |
The lips of the vagina orifice (os) are called the? | labia majora (outer lips) and labia minora (inner lips). |
A small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue with nerves found at the anterior junction of the labia minora is called the? | clitoris. |
The opening or region within the labia majora and labia minora is called the? | vestibule. |
Within the vestibule is a thin fold of tissue that partially closes the distal end of the vagina called the? | hymen. |
Posterior to and on either side of the urethral meatus are mucus secreting glands called the? | lesser vestibular glands AKA Skene's glands. |
On both sides of the vaginal os are two small mucus producing (lubrication) glands are called the? | greater vestibular glands AKA Bartholin's glands. |
The region between the vaginal os and the anus is usually referred to as the? | perineum. |
The perineum is also referred to as the? | external urogenital and anal region of both males and females. |
Anterior to the pectoralis major and minor muscles of the thorax are modified sweat glands called? | mammary glands. |
Each mammary gland consists of? | 15 - 20 lobes. |
In each lobe are smaller compartments called? | lobules. |
The size and shape of the breasts is determined by the location and amount of? | adipose tissue deposited. |
Milk producing (lactogenic)cells located in the lobules are called? | alveoli. |
The milk is stored in the? | ampullae AKA lactiferous sinuses. |
The milk travels from the alveoli to the lactiferous sinuses through the? | lactiferous ducts. |
A nipple is AKA? | mammary papilla. |
The dark pigmented region surrounding the nipple (papilla) is called the? | areola. |
The process of secreting and ejecting milk is called? | lactation. |
The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk (lactogenesis) is called? | prolactin. |
ART stands for? | assisted reproductive technologies. |
IVF stands for? | in vitro fertilization |
medications designed to stimulate the ovaries to ovulate? | fertility drugs. |