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Reproductive Cycle
Fundamentals of Body Structures Class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The process by which a single cell duplicates its genetic material is called? | mitosis |
| This replication process (mitosis) gives humans a new body every? | 10 years. |
| The duplicated (mitotic) cells contain? | 46 chromosomes. |
| A special type of cellular division that produces the sex cells (spermatozoa and ova) is called? | meiosis. |
| Meiotic cells (spermatozoa and ova) contain? | 23 chromosomes. |
| The primary sex organs of the male reproductive system are the? | paired male gonads AKA testes (testicles). |
| Oxygenated blood is transported to the testes via the? | testicular arteries. |
| Deoxygenated blood is transported away from the testes via the? | testicular veins. |
| The testes are responsible for producing? | 1. Spermatozoa. 2. Testosterone. |
| Spermatozoa are? | male sex cells. |
| The part of a testicle where spermatogenesis occurs is called the? | seminiferous tubules. |
| Spermatozoa are produced at a rate of about? | 300 million/day. |
| Spermatozoa have three distinct parts called the? | 1. The head 2. The midpiece 3. The flagellum (tail). |
| The head contains the? | genetic material. |
| The midpiece contains the? | energy (ATP)for locomotion. |
| The function of the flagella is to? | propel the spermatozoa up the female reproductive tract. |
| Developing spermatozoa are stored in a comma shaped structure adjacent to each testicle called the? | epididymis. |
| An epididymis is a tube (duct) whose length is approximately? | 20 feet long. |
| It takes the spermatozoa approximately? | 20 days to move through it. |
| The spermatozoa travel from the epididymes to the urethra via the? | vasa deferentia AKA seminal ducts AKA ductus deferentes. |
| Surgical removal of a section from both seminal ducts causing sterility (infertility) is called a? | bilateral vasectomy. |
| This procedure (bilateral vasectomy) will NOT affect the? | sex drive (libido) or secondary sexual characteristics. |
| The seminal ducts, testicular arteries, and testicular veins are surrounded by a protective sheath called the? | spermatic cord. |
| The vessel responsible for the expulsion of the spermatozoa into the urethra is called the? | ejaculatory duct. |
| The liquid portion of the ejaculate is called the? | semen AKA seminal fluid. |
| The average volume of semen per ejaculation is? | 2.5 - 6 mL. roughly a teaspoon. |
| The number of spermatozoa ejaculated can be in excess of? | 300 million. |
| Only thousands reach the? | cervix. |
| Only a few hundred reach the? | ovum. |
| If the number of spermatozoa falls below 20 million, the male is considered? | sterile (infertile). |
| Once ejaculated the spermatozoa can live inside the reproductive tract for approximately? | 48 - 72 hours. |
| Large numbers of spermatozoa are required to fertilize an ovum because? | the ovum has a protective membrane that must be broken down by an enzyme secreted from the head of each spermatozoon. |
| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 1. Milky in color. |
| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 2. Viscous. |
| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 3, Sticky because it contains fructose (energy for the spermatozoa). |
| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 4. Alkaline so it can neutralize the acidity of the vaginal secretions and urine. |
| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 5. Contains seminalplasmin which has the capability of protecting spermatozoa by destroying certain bacteria found in the vaginal tract and semen. |
| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 6. Contains enzymes that activate the spermatozoa after ejaculation. |
| The characteristics of seminal fluid (semen) include? | 7. Contains prostaglandins that promote muscular contractions of the female genital tract. |
| Semen is produced by the? | 1. Prostate |
| The prostate is a doughnut-shaped gland approximately the size and shape of a? | chestnut. |
| The prostate surrounds the portion the superior portion of the? | urethra just inferior to the urinary bladder. |
| Semen is produced by the? | Seminal vesicles. |
| The seminal vesicles are paired pouch-like structures approximately 2 inches in length located? | posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. |
| Bulbourethral glands AKA? | Cowper glands. |
| The bulbourethral (Cowper)glands are paired glands the size of? | peas and are located just inferior to the prostate. |
| Testosterone is the? | male sex hormone. |
| The part of a testicle that produces testosterone is called the? | interstitial cells of Leydig. |
| Testosterone controls? | 1. Development, growth, and maintenance of the male sex organs. |
| Testosterone controls? | 2. Causes descent (usually just before birth) of the testes from the abdominopelvic cavity into the scrotum. |
| Testosterone controls? | 3. Causes the shoulders to broaden and hips to narrow during puberty. |
| Testosterone controls? | 4. Causes protein build up in muscles producing muscular bulk and firmness in their physique. |
| Testosterone controls? | 5. Causes maturation of the spermatozoa. |
| Testosterone controls? | 6. Causes enlargement of the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple). |
| Testosterone controls? | 7. Causes deepening of voice. |
| Testosterone controls? | 8. Causes aggressive behavior. |
| Testosterone controls? | 9. Causes facial, body, and pubic hair to appear. |
| Testosterone controls? | 10. Stimulates the sexual drive (libido). |
| An outpouching of loose skin from the abdominal wall which supports and contains the testes is called the? | scrotum. |
| Internally the scrotum is separated into? | two sacs by a septum. |
| Each sac contains a? | testis (testicle). |
| The scrotum lies outside of the body because? | spermatozoa and testosterone production require a temperature (-3F) lower than normal body temperature. |
| Depending on the temperature, the scrotum has the ability to? | contract and relax. |
| The urethra in males is the? | vessel that carries urine, sperm, and semen to the outside world. |
| The length of the male urethra is approximately? | 8 inches. |
| The male urethra is subdivided into three parts? | 1. Prostatic urethra which is surrounded by the prostate. |
| The male urethra is subdivided into three parts? | 2. Membranous urethra which runs from the prostatic urethra to the penis. |
| The male urethra is subdivided into three parts? | 3. The spongy or cavernous urethra found inside the penis and terminates, at the male urethral orifice (meatus, os). |
| The penis is designed to? | introduce spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract. |
| The penis consists of the shaft whose distal end is a slightly enlarged region called the? | glans penis. |
| Covering the glans penis is a section of loose skin called the? | prepuce (foreskin). |
| Internally the penis is composed of? | three cylindrical masses of spongy tissue containing blood sinuses. |
| Sexual stimulation causes the penile arteries to? | dilate allowing large quantities of blood to enter the penis. |
| Expansion of the blood sinuses compress the? | penile veins. |
| These events cause an? | erection. |
| Once sexual stimulation ceases, the penile arteries will? | Constrict |
| The penile veins drain the blood and the? | erection is lost. |
| The inability to achieve or maintain an erection is called? | impotence AKA erectile dysfunction (ED). |
| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 1. Poorly controlled stress. |
| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 2. Trauma to the nerve controlling blood flow to the penis. |
| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 3. Diabetes mellitus (DM). |
| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 4. Arteriosclerosis of the arteries that supply blood to the penis. |
| Impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by? | 5. Side effects from certain medications such as anti hypertensives and antidepressants. |
| Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra work by? | causing vasodilation of the arteries supplying the penis. |
| The Primary sex organs of the female reproductive system are the? | paired female gonads called the ovaries. |
| The ovaries are the size of? | unshelled almonds. |
| The ovaries are located in the? | superior portion of the pelvic cavity one on each side of the uterus. |
| The structures that attaches an ovary to the uterus is called the? | utero-ovarian ligament. |
| The ovaries are responsible for? | 1. OOgenesis 2.Production of the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. |
| Immature ova are called? | oocytes. |
| Developing ova are referred to as? | follicles. |
| The pituitary gland produces a hormone responsible for maturation of a follicle called? | FSH (follicle stimulating hormone). |
| FSH is released approximately every? | 28 days. |
| The pituitary gland produces a hormone that stimulates ovulation called? | LH (luteinizing hormone). |
| Expulsion of an ovum from the ovary is called? | ovulation. |
| The average female can ovulate approximately? | 450 times in a lifetime. |
| Usually the ovaries alternate? | ovulations. |
| If the ovaries ovulate at the same time and the two ova are fertilized, the result will be? | fraternal twins. |
| If a fertilized ovum splits it's genetic material (DNA) into two separate ova the result will be? | identical twins. |
| The structures that transports ova from the ovaries to the uterus are called? | fallopian tubes AKA uterine tubes AKA oviducts. |
| The finger-like projections of the fallopian tube(s) that catches the expelled ovum is called the? | fimbriae. |
| The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 1. A waving action of the fimbriae. |
| The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 2. Ciliary action. |
| The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 3. Peristalsis. |
| The ovum will be moved into the through an oviduct by? | 4. Muscle contractions in the walls of the uterine tubes. |
| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 1. Menstruation (menses) |
| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 2. Breast development. |
| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 3. Pubic, body, and axillary hair. |
| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 4. Pelvic bones widen. |
| Estrogen released during puberty causes the development of secondary female sexual characteristics such as? | 5. Fat deposits (adipose tissue) in the skin cause a "soft look". |
| Union of a sperm with an ovum is called? | fertilization (conception). |
| Development of a fertilized ovum from conception to birth is called? | gestation or pregnancy. |
| The uterus is AKA? | The womb. |
| The uterus is located in the pelvic cavity between the? | urinary bladder and the rectum |
| The uterus is the shape of an? | inverted pear. |
| The uterus should be angled forward in an? | anteflexion position. |
| The uterus is where the fertilized ovum will? | 1. implant 2. develop into a fetus 3. be expelled during labor. |
| The superior portion of the uterus is called the? | fundus. |
| The middle portion of the uterus is called the? | corpus (body). |
| The inferior portion (neck) of the uterus is called the? | cervix. |
| The interior of the body of the uterus is called the? | uterine cavity. |
| The interior of the cervix is called the? | cervical canal. |
| The opening of the cervix into the vagina is called the? | external os. |
| The outermost layer of the uterus is called the? | perimetrium (uterine serosa). |
| The middle (muscle) layer of the uterus is called the? | myometrium. |
| The innermost layer of the uterus is called the? | endometrium. |
| The region between the uterus and rectum (recto uterine pouch) is called the? | Douglas' cul-de-sac. |
| The cyclic sloughing of the endometrium is called? | menstruation or menses. |
| This cycle varies from woman to woman with a range of? | 24 - 35 days. |
| The phases of the menstrual cycle are? | 1. Menstrual phase days 1 - 5 2. Pre-ovulatory phase days 1- 13. 3. Ovulatory phase day 14. 4. Post-ovulatory phase days 15 - 28. |
| The menstrual phase is where the? | endometrium is sloughed (discarded). |
| The pre-ovulatory phase is where the? | endometrium lining thickens in preparation for implantation. |
| The ovulatory phase is where the? | ovum is expelled from the ovary. |
| The post-ovulatory phase is where the? | 1. Endometrium continues to thicken and develop in order to receive the fertilized ovum. |
| The post-ovulatory phase is where the? | 2. Endometrium atrophies and will be shed (sloughed) during the menstrual phase. |
| The hormones responsible for the thickening and development of the endometrium are? | estrogen and progesterone. |
| Most of the BCPs (birth control pills) OCPs (Oral contraceptive pills) are varying dosages of? | estrogen and progesterone. |
| The tissue that will form a connection between the maternal and fetal blood supplies is called the? | placenta |
| A hormone produced produced by the placenta that will support the developing pregnancy is called? | HCG (human chorionic gonnadotropin). |
| HCG can be detected with an? | early pregnancy test (EPT). |
| EPTs (early pregnancy tests) can be performed on a women's? | urine or serum. |
| The placenta also secrets increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone to support the pregnancy and cause? | 1. Breast (mammary tissue) development. 2. Milk production (lactogenesis). |
| The vagina is a tubular structure which is lined with? | mucous membranes. |
| The function of the vagina includes? | 1. passageway for menstruation (menses) |
| The function of the vagina includes? | 2. receptacle for the penis, semen, and sperm during intercourse (coitus, copulation). |
| The function of the vagina includes? | 3. Inferior portion of the birth canal. |
| The connection between the vagina and the cervix is called the? | fornix. |
| The external female genitalia is called the? | vulva or pudendum. |
| The mound of elevated adipose tissue that becomes covered with pubic hair is called the? | mons pubis or veneris. |
| The lips of the vagina orifice (os) are called the? | labia majora (outer lips) and labia minora (inner lips). |
| A small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue with nerves found at the anterior junction of the labia minora is called the? | clitoris. |
| The opening or region within the labia majora and labia minora is called the? | vestibule. |
| Within the vestibule is a thin fold of tissue that partially closes the distal end of the vagina called the? | hymen. |
| Posterior to and on either side of the urethral meatus are mucus secreting glands called the? | lesser vestibular glands AKA Skene's glands. |
| On both sides of the vaginal os are two small mucus producing (lubrication) glands are called the? | greater vestibular glands AKA Bartholin's glands. |
| The region between the vaginal os and the anus is usually referred to as the? | perineum. |
| The perineum is also referred to as the? | external urogenital and anal region of both males and females. |
| Anterior to the pectoralis major and minor muscles of the thorax are modified sweat glands called? | mammary glands. |
| Each mammary gland consists of? | 15 - 20 lobes. |
| In each lobe are smaller compartments called? | lobules. |
| The size and shape of the breasts is determined by the location and amount of? | adipose tissue deposited. |
| Milk producing (lactogenic)cells located in the lobules are called? | alveoli. |
| The milk is stored in the? | ampullae AKA lactiferous sinuses. |
| The milk travels from the alveoli to the lactiferous sinuses through the? | lactiferous ducts. |
| A nipple is AKA? | mammary papilla. |
| The dark pigmented region surrounding the nipple (papilla) is called the? | areola. |
| The process of secreting and ejecting milk is called? | lactation. |
| The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of milk (lactogenesis) is called? | prolactin. |
| ART stands for? | assisted reproductive technologies. |
| IVF stands for? | in vitro fertilization |
| medications designed to stimulate the ovaries to ovulate? | fertility drugs. |
Created by:
Penny S
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