Question | Answer |
The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the? | bloodstream |
Hormones are chemical? | catalysts |
A chemical catalyst causes a? | reaction to occur |
Hormones help maintain the body's internal environment within certain narrow ranges. This balancing act is called? | homeostatsis |
The pituitary gland is located at the? | base of the brain. |
The pituitary gland is the size of a? | pea |
The pituitary gland is AKA? | hypophysis or "master gland" |
It is called the "master gland" because? | its hormones control the functions of many other endocrine glands. |
Even though the pituitary gland (hypophysis) is called the "master gland" it is controlled bye the? | hypothalamus (wife). |
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is divided into two sections called the? | anterior and posterior lobes. |
The anterior lobe produces? | 1. GH which stands for - growth hormone. |
GH (growth hormone)stimulates cell metabolism and cause? | cells to divide (replicate) and increase in size. |
Significant amounts of GH (growth hormone) is secreted until age? | 20 |
Insufficient amounts of GH (growth hormone) can cause? | dwarfism. |
A synthetic GH (growth hormone) is called? | Humatrope (somatropin) |
Excessive amounts of GH (growth hormone) can cause? | giantism |
TSH (T7)which stands for? | thyroid stimulating hormone and is AKA thyrotropin. |
TSH stimulates the? | thyroid to produce its hormones |
ACTH which stands for? | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
Tropic means it comes from the? | pituitary. |
ACTH stimulates the? | adrenal glands to produce their hormones. |
MSH which stands for? | melanocyte stimulation hormone |
A hereditary disorder characterized by and absence of melanin called? | albinism. |
FSH which stands for? | follicle stimulating hormone. |
FSH stimulates the? | a. ovaries to start the maturation process of a follicle (oocyte) into an ovum. |
FSH stimulates the? | b. Testes to create spermatozoa (spermatogenesis). |
LH which stands for? | luteinizing hormone |
LH stimulates? | a. ovulation |
LH stimulates? | b. The production of progestrone to maintain pregnancy. |
LH simulates? | c. Production of testosterone in males. |
Lactogenic hormone AKA? | prolaction |
Lactogenic hormones stimulates the production of? | milk (lactation). |
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces? | 1. ADH which stands for -antidiuretic hormone AKA vasopression |
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) influences the volume of? | urine produced |
Insufficient production of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is called? | diabetes insipidus (DI) |
A synthetic ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is called? | Pitressin (vasopressin) |
OT which stands for? | oxytocin |
OT stimulates the? | uterus to contract during labor. |
A synthetic oxytocin is called? | Pitocin ("Pit drip"). |
Oxytocin is also known as the? | binding hormone. |
Binding refers to? | male-female and mother-neonate bonding. |
The thyroid gland is located on the right and left sides of the? | trachea just inferior to the larynx. |
The thyroid produces the following hormones? | 1. T4 also known as thyroxine. |
The thyroid produces the following hormones? | 2. T3 also known as triliodothyronine |
The thyroid produces the following hormones? | 3. Calcitionin |
T3 and T4 are both commonly referred to as the? | thyroxine. |
T3 and T4 are responsible for the regulation of? | carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. |
Metabolism refers to the rate at which the body? | utilizes (burns) energy. |
Hyperthyroidism is called? | Grave's disease |
Hypothyroidism is called? | myxedema |
A synthetic thyroxine is called? | Synthroid (levothyroxine) |
Calcitonin is released when the? | blood calcium levels rise. |
Calcitonin causes the deposit of? | the calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (p) in bones. |
The parathyroid glands are located? | embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. |
The parathyroid glands are the size of? | raisins |
The parathyroid glands secrete? | parathyroid hormone (PTH) AKA parathromone. |
PTH (parathyroid hormone) causes osteocytes to? | release stored calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) into the blood. |
Release the PTH (parathyroid hormone) will occur when? | serum Ca(calcium) levels fall. |
The adrenal glands are located just superior to the? | kidneys |
The adrenal glands are AKA? | suprarenal glands. |
The inner portion of the adrenal glands is called the? | adrenal medulla. |
The outer portion of the adrenal glands is called the? | adrenal cortex. |
The adrenal medulla produces? | Adrenalin AKA epinephrine. |
Adrenalin (epinephrine) contributes to the? | "fight or flight" response. |
This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 1. the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. |
This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 2. Tachycardia |
This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 3. Tachypnea |
This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 4. Bronchodilation |
This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 5. Hypertension |
This response the "fight or flight" includes: | 6. Pallor |
The adrenal cortex produces? | 1. Aldosterone |
The adrenal cortex produces? | 2. Cortisol (hydrocortisone) |
The hormones are AKA? | steroids (corticosteroids) |
Anabolic steroids, the type used by athletes, are synthetic versions of? | testosterone |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 1. Sudden death (MI, CVA) |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 2. Liver cancer |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 3. Aggressiveness ("roid rage") |
Aldosterone regulates the balance of electrolytes (salts) include? | 1. Phosphorus (P) Mineral salts sodium (Na) |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 2. Potassium (K) |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 3. Chloride (Cl) |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 4. Calcium (Ca) (Mineral salts) |
Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes? | 5. Phosphorus (P) Minerals salts |
The actions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include? | 1. Maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood between meals |
The actions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include? | 2. Helps reduce the inflammatory response |
The actions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) include? | 3. Aids the body with stressful situations. |
Hypersecretions of cortisol is called? | Cushing's Disease |
Hyposecretions of cortisol is called? | Addison's disease. |
A synthetic cortisol is called? | cortisone. |
The pancreas is located posterior to the? | stomach (retrogastric) |
The purpose of the pancreas includes the production of? | insulin and glucagon |
Insulin is secreted when the? | blood sugar(BS) rises after eating a meal. |
The insulin allows the glucose (BS) to? | enter the cells. |
When the glucose enters the cells the blood sugar (BS) level will? | fall |
When the blood sugar (BS) falls too low the pancreas will secrete? | glucagon |
Glucagon will stimulate the? | liver to convert glycogen to glucose. |
This action will cause the glucose (BS) to? | rise. |
A normal blood sugar (BS) is? | 1. 90 - 130 mg/dL (a.c. meals)
2. Less than 180 mg/dL (2 hours p.c. after meals). |
Hyposecretion of insulin and/or the difficult utilization of glucose (insulin resistance) by the cells is called? | diabetes mellitus (DM). |
A synthetic insulin is called? | Humulin (insulin) |
Medications designed to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin or aid the cells in glucose utilization are called? | oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics). |
Risks factors for DM include? | 1. Heredity |
Risks factors for DM include? | 2. Obesity |
Risks factors for DM include? | 3. Over consumption of refined sugars |
Risks factors for DM include? | 4. Over consumption of food |
Risks factors for DM include? | 5. Sedentary lifestyle |
Risks factors for DM include? | 6. Gestational DM |
Risks factors for DM include? | 7. African American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian American. |
Risks factors for DM include? | 8. Chronic hypertension. |
Diabetes mellitus that develops in children is called? | juvenile onset DM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type I diabetes mellitus. |
Type I DM is the most serious form of DM and requires? | 1. Daily injections of insulin |
Type I DM is the most serious form of DM and requires? | 2. Strict diet control |
Type I DM is the most serious form of DM and requires? | 3. Regimented exercise |
DM (diabetes mellitus) that develops in adulthood is called? | maturity onset DM or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 11 DM |
This type of DM is less severe and can often be controlled by? | proper diet alone or proper diet and oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) such as Diabenese or Glucophage. |
Oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) stimulate the pancreas to? | secrete more insulin and/or allows the cells to utilize glucose more efficiently. |
Signs and symptoms of DM include? | A. Polyuria(excessive urination) |
Signs and symptoms of DM include? | B. Glycosuria (sugar in the ruin) |
Signs and symptoms of DM include? | C. Polydipsia (excessive thirst) |
Signs and symptoms of DM include? | D. Ketouria (keytones in the urine) |
Signs and symptoms of DM include? | E. Weight loss |
Signs and symptoms of DM include? | F. Fatigue |
Signs and symptoms of DM include? | G. Poor wound healing |
Complications of DM include? | 1. Atherosclerosis leading to MI, CVA, or occlusion of a leg artery resulting in gangrene. |
Treatment includes for diabetes is? | A. Strict diet based on number of calories per day divided into proper portions of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. |
Treatment includes for diabetes is? | B. Correct dosages of insulin based on self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM). |
Treatment includes for diabetes is? | Regular exercise because diet intake and insulin (Humulin) dosage are based on the metabolic needs of the individual. |
Diet insulin, or exercise cannot be altered without creating an? | Insulin excess or deficiency. |
Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 1. Fails to take enough insulin |
Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 2. Increase caloric intake |
Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 3. Decreases exercise |
Sign and symptoms of diabetic coma include? | 4. Lethargy |
Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 5. Loss of consciousness and coma |
Treatments include? | administration of insulin and hydration. |
Insulin shock (deficient BS) results when a diabetic? | 1. Administers too much insulin |
Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 2. Does not eat enough food. |
Diabetic coma (elevated BS) can result when a diabetic? | 3. Exercises excessively |
Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include? | 1. Shallow breathing. |
Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include? | 2. Diaphoresis (profuse sweating) |
Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include? | 3. Syncope (fainting) |
Signs and symptoms of insulin shock include? | 4. LOC and coma (loss of conciousness) |
Treatment includes? | administration of sugar in any form. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | a. Follow prescribed diet exactly |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | b. take prescribed insulin or hypoglycemics are directed. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | c. Monitor BS every day |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | d. follow daily exercise regiment. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | e. Always wear feet protection to prevent injury from stubbing, fire ants, sand spurs, etc. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | f. Have a podiatrist take care of ANY foot needs IMMEDIATELY such as clipping toe nails, corns, bunions, calluses, wounds, etc to prevent accidental injury. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | g. A medical alert bracelet or necklace should be worn at all times. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | h.Always check temperature of bath water before stepping into bath to prevent scalding |
Even a small wound to a diabetic's feet can result in uncontrolled infection due to poor wound healing and can eventually lead to? | amputation of the extremity. |
Diabetics that have difficulty controlling their blood sugar are called? | "brittle diabetics." |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | 1. Highly irregular menses. |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | 2. More than 40 days between cycles |
To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions? | 3. A waist size greater than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women. |
Some studies indicate that type II DM can double the risk of? | Alzheimer's Disease (AD). |
GTT stands for? | glucose tolerance test |
PPBS stands for? | postprandial blood sugar |
FBS stands for? | fasting blood sugar |
A1c (HbA1c) stands for? | provides an average of your BS control over a 6 to 12 week period |
A1c (HbA1c) normal range is? | 4% -6% (DM.7%) |
PBI stands for? | protein bound iodine (thyroid) |
RAIU stands for? | radioactive iodine uptake test (thyroid) |
HCG stands for? | human chorionic gonadotropn (serum and urine pregnancy test) |