Question | Answer |
Diabetes Mellitus | Disorder of pancreas where there is failure to produce an adequate amount of insulin classic characteristic is high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)type 1 insulin depensent |
Ketones | waste products released by breaking down fats and proteins |
glycosuria | sugar in urine |
polydipsia | excessive thirst |
polyuria | excessive urine output |
polyphagia | increased eating |
pruritis | itching |
Bolus dose | greatest amount of insulin during greatest need 4 daily Novalog-fast acting and lantus long acting |
basal dose | once daily provides steady control of blood sugar level throughout day and night |
insulin pump | small mechanical device about the size of a pager worn on body administers 24 hrs a day |
basal rate | amount of insulin/hour X 24 hours a day |
Diabetes Mellitus | Disorder of pancreas where there is failure to produce an adequate amount of insulin classic characteristic is high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)type 1 insulin depensent |
Ketones | waste products released by breaking down fats and proteins |
glycosuria | sugar in urine |
polydipsia | excessive thirst |
polyuria | excessive urine output |
polyphagia | increased eating |
pruritis | itching |
Bolus dose | greatest amount of insulin during greatest need 4 daily Novalog-fast acting and lantus long acting |
basal dose | once daily provides steady control of blood sugar level throughout day and night |
insulin pump | small mechanical device about the size of a pager worn on body administers 24 hrs a day |
basal rate | amount of insulin/hour X 24 hours a day |
glycohemoglobin | test that determines overall effectiveness of plan for blood glucose control average glucose levels for 3 months |
insulin shock | drastic dorp in blood sugar level |
diabetic retinopathy | leading cause of blindness capillaries of retina experience localized areas of bulging(microaneurysms), hemorrhages,leakage,scarring |
Diabetiv neuropathy | involvement of nervous system |
pancreatic cancer | life threatening primary malignant neoplasm found in the heas of the pancreas |
chronic pancreatitis | permanent, progressive destruction of pancreatic cells |
fasting blood sugar | blood glucose sample taken usually early in the morning after the patient had been without food or drink since midnight |
glucose tolerance test | evaluates person's ability to tolerate a concentrated oral glucose by measuring glucose levels |
hemoglobin A1c test( HgbA1c) | blood test that shows average level of glucose in blood during the past 3 months |
radioactive iodine uptake test | evaluates function of thyroid by administering a known amount of radioactive iodine and later placing a gama ray detector over the thyroid gland to determine absorption by the gland increased uptake of iodine |
serum glucose tes | measures amount of glucose in blood at time sample was drawn |
thyroid Echogram | ultrasound examination of thyroid to disinguish thyroid nodules from cystic nodules |
thyroid Function test | test that measures blood levels of thyroid hormones |
thyroid scan | examination that determines position,size,shape, and physiological function of thyroid gland |
hot | functioning |
cold | nonfunctioning |
thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) blood test | measures concentration of TSH in the blood |
Endocrine System | Network of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into blood stream not ducts like a sweat or oil gland |
Infundibulum | stalk like projection that connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus |
Growth hormone(somatotropic STH) | regulates growth |
Adenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) | stimulates normal growth and development of adrenal cortex and secretes corticosteroids- cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone |
Thyroid | Stimulating hormone(TSH)- normal growth and development of thyroid and secretes thyroid hormones |
Lactogenic hormone(LTH)(prolactin) | development of breasts during pregnancy secretion of milk |
Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) | secretion of estrogen and production of eggs in female and sperm in male |
Luteinizing hormone(LH) | ovulation and secretion of testosterone in male |
Melanocyte | stimulating hormone(MSH)- controls intensity of pigmentation |
Antidieuretic hormone(ADH)(vasopressin) | decreases excretion of large amounts of urine from body maintain water balance |
Oxytocin-(OT) | contractions of uterus during child birth and releases milk from breast feeding women |
Pineal gland | tiny pine cone shaped gland- secretes melatonin part of support of biological clock |
Isthmus | narrow island shaped piece that connects thyroid across front of trachea |
Triiodothyronine(T3) | growth and development, metabolism,body temp |
Thyroxine(T4)- | Thyroxine(T4)- |
Calcitonin | regulates level of calcium in blood |
Hypocalcemia | calcium levels too low |
Hypercalcemia | calcium levels too high |
Thymus | single gland located mediastinum large in fetus and infants shrinks with age increase secretes hormones into blood stream role in development of immune system secrete Thymosin thymopoitin |
Thymosin | stimulate production of T-cells for immunity |
Thymopoietin | produces T-cells |
Mineralocorticoids | regulates hoe mineral salts(electrolytes) are processed in body primary hoemone secreted is aldosterone aldosterone which regulates fluid and electrolyte balance |
Glucocordicoids | metabolism of carbohydrates,fat,proteins,maintain normal blood pressure,anti inflammatory,increase glucose for skeletal muscles main 1 is cortisol |
Gonadocorticoids | sex hormones released from adrenal cortex |
Epinephrine(adrenaline) | increases heart rate, dilates bronchioles, decreases peristalsis or wavelike movement in intestines and raises blood sugar sympathomimetic agent- role in reaction to stress |
Norepinephrine-(nonadrenaline)- | raises blood pressure also has role in reaction to stress |
Glucagon | increases blood glucose levels converts |
Insulin | secreted in response to increased levels of glucose |
Ovaries | female sex glands or gonads almond shaped held in place by ligaments produce ova and release during ovulation normal female growth and development and pregnancy maintenance produce estrogen and progesterone |
Fimbriated | fringed |
Estrogen | maturation of egg and stimulates vascularixation of uterine lining each month to prepare for implantation of fertilized egg changes in body with onset of puberty |
Progesterone | changes within uterus |
Testes | male gonads or testicles- produce sperm, maturation of sperm, secrete androgens, produce testosterone which is responsible for changes in male with onset of puberty |
Adrenocortical | pertaining to cortex of adrenal glands |
Aldosterone | hormone secreted by adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium balance in blood |
Androgen | steroid hormone in males |
Antidiuretic | suppression of urine production |
Cortex | outer region of organ or structure |
Cortisol | steroid hormone |
Cretinism | congenital condition caused by lack of thyroid secretion- dwarfism, slowed mental development,puffy face, dry skin,large tongue |
Dwarfism | abnormal underdevelopment of body under secretion of growth hormone |
Endocrine gland | ductless glad that produces hormones that are secreted directly into blood stream |
Euthroid | pertaining to normally functioning thyroid gland |
Exocrine gland | gland that opens onto surface of skin |
Exophthalmia | outward protrusion of eyeballs |
Giantism | excessive size and height too much growth hormone |
Glucogenesis | formation of glycagon from fatty acids and proteins |
Glucose | simplest form of sugar |
Glycogenesis | glucose to glycogen |
Glycosuria | sugar in urine |
Goiter | enlargement of thyroid due to excessive growth(hyperplasia) |
Graves disease | hyperthyroidism |
Hisutism | excessive hair in male distribution pattern |
Hypergonadism | excessive activity of ovaries and testes hyperinsulism-too much insulin |
Hyperkalemia | elevated blood potassium level |
Hypernatremia | elevated blood sodium level |
Hypokalemia | less than normal blood potassium level |
Hypophysectomy | surgical removal of pituitary gland |
Insulin shock | state of shock due to extremely low blood sugar |
Medulla | internal part of structure or organ |
Metabolism | sum of all physical and chemical processes of body |
Myxedema | most severe form of hypothyroidism |
Polyphagia | excessive eating |
Polydipsia | excessive thirst |
Progesterone | female hormone secreted by ovaries changes in endometrium |
Somatotropic hormone | growth hormone |
Syndrome | group of symptoms occuring together |
T-cells | specialized lymphocytes involved in immune response |
Tetany | severe cramping and twitching of muscles and sharp flexion of wrist and ankle joints |
Virilism | masculine traits in female |
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | common form of hyperthyroidism |
Thyrotoxicosis | acute sometimes fatal incident of over activity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormone |
Tetany | continual contraction of muscles |
Addison’s disease | Addison’s disease |
Conn’s disease(primary aldosteronism) | excessive amounts of aldosterone |
Hypervolemia | increased volume of blood |
Cushing’s syndrome | condition of adrenal gland in which cluster of symptoms occur as result of excessive amounts of cortisol |
Pheochromocytoma | vascular tumor of adrenal medulla that produces extra epinephrine and |
norepinephrine | leasing to hypertension and heart palpitations |