Question | Answer |
x-ray of breast, used to detect tumors & other abnormalities within the breast | mammogram |
lymph node, in group of nodes, located closest to a malignant tumor | sentinel lymph node |
sentinel lymph nodes are examined to determine whether | the tumor has spread to the node |
node dissection would not be required if the sentinel node is not | involved in metastasizing of a malignant tumor |
suspensory ligaments affix the breasts to the | chest wall |
the breast have ___ blood supply | abundant |
the breasts have lymphatic ___ | drainage |
extend from axillae to groin | mammary ridges |
mammary ridges may occasionally produce extra | breasts & nipples |
better contrast, regarding mammogram, would be found on ___ women | younger |
less contrast, regarding mammogram, would be found on ___ women | older |
younger womens' breasts are normally | denser |
older womens' breasts are normally | less dense (lighter) |
mammograms provide better contrast on ___ breast tissue | lighter (less dense) |
involves inspection, palpation, & exam of axillary tissues | clinical exam of the breast |
mammograms are important for detecting lesions invisible to | a clinical exam |
aggravation of unequal sized breasts is more likely to be aggravated by ___ changes, resulting in enlargement of breasts | hormonal |
an irregular response to hormones can cause | benign cystic disease |
well-circumscribed tumor of glandular & fibrous tissue found predominantly in younger women | fibroadenoma |
malignant tumor that is prone to early detection, metastasizing, & late recurrence | carcinoma of the breast |
increased rate of breast carcinoma from hormone treatment can be alleviate by | not using progestin |
a metastasizing breast carcinoma gains movement into other parts of the body through | lymph nodes |
lump on the breast, skin edema, & nipple retraction are all ___ ___ of breast carcinoma | clinical manifestations |
involves combination of surgery and chemotherapy | breast carcinoma treatment |
sarcoma of the breast is a large tumor that is treated through | surgery |
mutations of BRCA1&2 have are at higher risk for breast & ____ carcinoma | ovarian |
carcinoma, benign fibroadenoma, & benign cyst are 3 of the common conditions that cause | a lump in the breast |
persons w/mutations of BRCA1/BRCA2 have greatly increased risk of breast carcinoma as well as ___ carcinoma. | ovarian |
benign cysts, benign fibroadenoma, & carcinoma are common conditions that cause | a lump in the breast |
clinical examination, mammogram, biopsy are used in this order to determine | the nature of a lump in the breast |
the breasts are ___ ___ ___ specialized to secrete milk | modified sweat glands |
the breasts main function is | to produce milk |
the breasts are made up of | glandular and stromal tissues |
the lobules & ducts are made up of ___ tissue | glandular |
the supporting tissue is __; including fatty & fibrous connective tissue | stromal |
the stromal tissue gives the breasts their | size, shape & support |
the breasts are composed of 20 lobes of | glandular tissue |
a cluster of milk-producing glands | lobules |
Each lobe made up of a | lobule |
lobules are connected by | branching ducts |
lobules converge at | the nipple |
bands of fibrous tissue extending from skin of breast to the connective tissue covering chest wall muscles | suspensory ligaments |
axillary lymph nodes | axilla |
lymph nodes above the clavicle | supraclavicular |
lymph nodes beneath the sternum | mediastinal |
axillary nodes are the | supraclavicular and mediastinal nodes |
if breast cancer cells reach axillary nodes & continue to grow, the nodes will swell and cancer is more likely to | spread to other organs |
the breasts contain an abundant blood supply and | lymphatic drainage |
most lymph vessels of breast lead to the | axillary nodes |
during puberty the breasts enlarge in response to | estrogen and progesterone |
accumulation of adipose tissue & proliferation of glandular and fibrous tissue are | post-pubertal changes |
variations in breast size depend on amount of ___ tissue rather than glandular tissue | stromal |
the breasts are extremely responsive to | hormonal stimulation |
mild cyclic hyperplasia followed by involution of breast tissue occurs normally during | the menstrual cycle |
pregnancy & lactation cause hypertrophic | glandular and ductal tissues |
after menopause the sex hormone levels decline, and the breasts | decrease in size |
ages 35-40 are the baseline for mammograms to identify ___ not detected on clinical exams | lesions |
from age 40 and up a mammogram should be done | annually |
show up white on mammogram | denser cysts & tumors |
show up dark on mammogram | less dense fatty tissue |
are well circumscribed on mammogram | cysts & benign tumors |
have irregular borders & frequently contain fine flecks of calcium, on mammogram | malignant tumors |
most commonly found in the armpits or on lower chest below and medial to the breasts | accessory breasts and nipples |
at puberty, one or both breasts over-respond to hormonal stimulation | breast hypertrophy |
true hypertrophy is from overgrowth of | fibrous tissues, not glandular or fatty |
ductal and fibrous tissue of adolescent male breast proliferate affecting one or more breast | gynecomastia |
gynecomastia is from a temporary imbalance of female/male hormones in the male at puberty, there in an increase in | estrogen |
single/multiple benign cystic changes in the breast | fibrocystic disease |
fibrocystic disease proliferates ___ & ___ tissues | glandular; fibrous |
fibrocystic disease is an irregular cyclic response to hormones during | the menstrual cycle |
helpful in distinguishing a cystic from a solid mass | ultrasound examination |
aspiration of &/or surgical excision if no aspiration is obtained/able to be performed | treatment for fibrocystic disease |
fibroadenoma treatment includes | surgical excision |
familial tendency, hormonal factors, birth of first child after age 30, early menarche & late menopause, both sexes are affected, & occurs 1 in every 10 women | breast carcinoma risk factors |
synthetic compound with progesterone activity | progestin |
increases density of breast tissue, complicating the interpretation of mammograms | estrogen-progestin hormone therapy |
increases breast and ovarian carcinoma risk, breast cancer risk at 80%, ovarian cancer risk is at 20–40%, & is a large gene with many different mutations | BRCA1 gene |
breast cancer risk at 80% & a lower ovarian carcinoma risk at 10–20% | BRCA2 gene |
lump in the breast, nipple or skin retraction, & skin edema (orange peel sign) are all | clinical manifestations of breast carcinoma |
90% of breast carcinomas are | ductal carcinomas |
10% of breast carcinomas are | lobular carcinomas |
confined initially within the duct or lobule then becomes invasive & extends toward adjacent breast tissue | Non-infiltrating or in-situ cancer |
site of origin, presence/absence of invasion, & degree of differentiation of tumor cells | classification of breast carcinoma |
cells that resemble normal breast tissue are | well-differentiated |
bizarre cells arranged haphazardly; immature; very different from normal breast tissue | poorly-differentiated |
also called total mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection; resecting entire breast, axillary tissue w/lymph nodes; leaves pectoral muscles
may be followed by breast reconstruction | modified radical mastectomy |
removing only part of breast with the tumor | partial mastectomy |
removing tumor + small amount of adjacent breast tissue | lumpectomy |
axillary lymph nodes removed followed by radiation to eradicate any remaining carcinoma in the breast | lumpectomy and partial mastectomy |
anticancer drugs | adjuvant chemotherapy |
anti-estrogen drugs | adjuvant hormonal therapy |
in order to eradicate any tumor cells that may have spread beyond the breast | adjuvant chemotherapy & adjuvant hormonal therapy |
have gene that speeds up growth rate of tumor cells & a less favorable prognosis | HER-2 positive tumors |
part of tumor obtained is surgically tested to detect presence of | estrogen/progesterone receptors & amplification of HER-2 gene |
better differentiated with favorable prognosis | hormone receptor positive tumors |
may receive adjuvant hormonal therapy with antiestrogen drug | patients with ER positive tumors |
tumors with hormone receptors respond to | anti-estrogen adjuvant therapy |
may appear many years after original tumor has been resected or tumor no longer curable, treatment is to control growth, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life | recurrent or metastatic carcinoma |
hormone receptor status of tumor, age, time since initial treatment to appearance of metastasis are factors to determine treatment of | recurrent carcinoma |
Premenopausal: anti-estrogen drugs / Postmenopausal: aromatase inhibitor drugs are treatments for | hormone-receptor positive recurrent/metastatic tumor |
Hormonal manipulation if unresponsive to tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor is treatment for | hormone-receptor negative recurrent/metastatic tumor |
To control metastatic deposits in bone and soft tissues | radiation |
arises from fibrous tissue or blood vessels, large bulky tumor, may metastasize widely & treatment is by surgical resection of the involved breast | breast sarcoma |