Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Concept Dis. Ch.16
The Breast
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| x-ray of breast, used to detect tumors & other abnormalities within the breast | mammogram |
| lymph node, in group of nodes, located closest to a malignant tumor | sentinel lymph node |
| sentinel lymph nodes are examined to determine whether | the tumor has spread to the node |
| node dissection would not be required if the sentinel node is not | involved in metastasizing of a malignant tumor |
| suspensory ligaments affix the breasts to the | chest wall |
| the breast have ___ blood supply | abundant |
| the breasts have lymphatic ___ | drainage |
| extend from axillae to groin | mammary ridges |
| mammary ridges may occasionally produce extra | breasts & nipples |
| better contrast, regarding mammogram, would be found on ___ women | younger |
| less contrast, regarding mammogram, would be found on ___ women | older |
| younger womens' breasts are normally | denser |
| older womens' breasts are normally | less dense (lighter) |
| mammograms provide better contrast on ___ breast tissue | lighter (less dense) |
| involves inspection, palpation, & exam of axillary tissues | clinical exam of the breast |
| mammograms are important for detecting lesions invisible to | a clinical exam |
| aggravation of unequal sized breasts is more likely to be aggravated by ___ changes, resulting in enlargement of breasts | hormonal |
| an irregular response to hormones can cause | benign cystic disease |
| well-circumscribed tumor of glandular & fibrous tissue found predominantly in younger women | fibroadenoma |
| malignant tumor that is prone to early detection, metastasizing, & late recurrence | carcinoma of the breast |
| increased rate of breast carcinoma from hormone treatment can be alleviate by | not using progestin |
| a metastasizing breast carcinoma gains movement into other parts of the body through | lymph nodes |
| lump on the breast, skin edema, & nipple retraction are all ___ ___ of breast carcinoma | clinical manifestations |
| involves combination of surgery and chemotherapy | breast carcinoma treatment |
| sarcoma of the breast is a large tumor that is treated through | surgery |
| mutations of BRCA1&2 have are at higher risk for breast & ____ carcinoma | ovarian |
| carcinoma, benign fibroadenoma, & benign cyst are 3 of the common conditions that cause | a lump in the breast |
| persons w/mutations of BRCA1/BRCA2 have greatly increased risk of breast carcinoma as well as ___ carcinoma. | ovarian |
| benign cysts, benign fibroadenoma, & carcinoma are common conditions that cause | a lump in the breast |
| clinical examination, mammogram, biopsy are used in this order to determine | the nature of a lump in the breast |
| the breasts are ___ ___ ___ specialized to secrete milk | modified sweat glands |
| the breasts main function is | to produce milk |
| the breasts are made up of | glandular and stromal tissues |
| the lobules & ducts are made up of ___ tissue | glandular |
| the supporting tissue is __; including fatty & fibrous connective tissue | stromal |
| the stromal tissue gives the breasts their | size, shape & support |
| the breasts are composed of 20 lobes of | glandular tissue |
| a cluster of milk-producing glands | lobules |
| Each lobe made up of a | lobule |
| lobules are connected by | branching ducts |
| lobules converge at | the nipple |
| bands of fibrous tissue extending from skin of breast to the connective tissue covering chest wall muscles | suspensory ligaments |
| axillary lymph nodes | axilla |
| lymph nodes above the clavicle | supraclavicular |
| lymph nodes beneath the sternum | mediastinal |
| axillary nodes are the | supraclavicular and mediastinal nodes |
| if breast cancer cells reach axillary nodes & continue to grow, the nodes will swell and cancer is more likely to | spread to other organs |
| the breasts contain an abundant blood supply and | lymphatic drainage |
| most lymph vessels of breast lead to the | axillary nodes |
| during puberty the breasts enlarge in response to | estrogen and progesterone |
| accumulation of adipose tissue & proliferation of glandular and fibrous tissue are | post-pubertal changes |
| variations in breast size depend on amount of ___ tissue rather than glandular tissue | stromal |
| the breasts are extremely responsive to | hormonal stimulation |
| mild cyclic hyperplasia followed by involution of breast tissue occurs normally during | the menstrual cycle |
| pregnancy & lactation cause hypertrophic | glandular and ductal tissues |
| after menopause the sex hormone levels decline, and the breasts | decrease in size |
| ages 35-40 are the baseline for mammograms to identify ___ not detected on clinical exams | lesions |
| from age 40 and up a mammogram should be done | annually |
| show up white on mammogram | denser cysts & tumors |
| show up dark on mammogram | less dense fatty tissue |
| are well circumscribed on mammogram | cysts & benign tumors |
| have irregular borders & frequently contain fine flecks of calcium, on mammogram | malignant tumors |
| most commonly found in the armpits or on lower chest below and medial to the breasts | accessory breasts and nipples |
| at puberty, one or both breasts over-respond to hormonal stimulation | breast hypertrophy |
| true hypertrophy is from overgrowth of | fibrous tissues, not glandular or fatty |
| ductal and fibrous tissue of adolescent male breast proliferate affecting one or more breast | gynecomastia |
| gynecomastia is from a temporary imbalance of female/male hormones in the male at puberty, there in an increase in | estrogen |
| single/multiple benign cystic changes in the breast | fibrocystic disease |
| fibrocystic disease proliferates ___ & ___ tissues | glandular; fibrous |
| fibrocystic disease is an irregular cyclic response to hormones during | the menstrual cycle |
| helpful in distinguishing a cystic from a solid mass | ultrasound examination |
| aspiration of &/or surgical excision if no aspiration is obtained/able to be performed | treatment for fibrocystic disease |
| fibroadenoma treatment includes | surgical excision |
| familial tendency, hormonal factors, birth of first child after age 30, early menarche & late menopause, both sexes are affected, & occurs 1 in every 10 women | breast carcinoma risk factors |
| synthetic compound with progesterone activity | progestin |
| increases density of breast tissue, complicating the interpretation of mammograms | estrogen-progestin hormone therapy |
| increases breast and ovarian carcinoma risk, breast cancer risk at 80%, ovarian cancer risk is at 20–40%, & is a large gene with many different mutations | BRCA1 gene |
| breast cancer risk at 80% & a lower ovarian carcinoma risk at 10–20% | BRCA2 gene |
| lump in the breast, nipple or skin retraction, & skin edema (orange peel sign) are all | clinical manifestations of breast carcinoma |
| 90% of breast carcinomas are | ductal carcinomas |
| 10% of breast carcinomas are | lobular carcinomas |
| confined initially within the duct or lobule then becomes invasive & extends toward adjacent breast tissue | Non-infiltrating or in-situ cancer |
| site of origin, presence/absence of invasion, & degree of differentiation of tumor cells | classification of breast carcinoma |
| cells that resemble normal breast tissue are | well-differentiated |
| bizarre cells arranged haphazardly; immature; very different from normal breast tissue | poorly-differentiated |
| also called total mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection; resecting entire breast, axillary tissue w/lymph nodes; leaves pectoral muscles may be followed by breast reconstruction | modified radical mastectomy |
| removing only part of breast with the tumor | partial mastectomy |
| removing tumor + small amount of adjacent breast tissue | lumpectomy |
| axillary lymph nodes removed followed by radiation to eradicate any remaining carcinoma in the breast | lumpectomy and partial mastectomy |
| anticancer drugs | adjuvant chemotherapy |
| anti-estrogen drugs | adjuvant hormonal therapy |
| in order to eradicate any tumor cells that may have spread beyond the breast | adjuvant chemotherapy & adjuvant hormonal therapy |
| have gene that speeds up growth rate of tumor cells & a less favorable prognosis | HER-2 positive tumors |
| part of tumor obtained is surgically tested to detect presence of | estrogen/progesterone receptors & amplification of HER-2 gene |
| better differentiated with favorable prognosis | hormone receptor positive tumors |
| may receive adjuvant hormonal therapy with antiestrogen drug | patients with ER positive tumors |
| tumors with hormone receptors respond to | anti-estrogen adjuvant therapy |
| may appear many years after original tumor has been resected or tumor no longer curable, treatment is to control growth, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life | recurrent or metastatic carcinoma |
| hormone receptor status of tumor, age, time since initial treatment to appearance of metastasis are factors to determine treatment of | recurrent carcinoma |
| Premenopausal: anti-estrogen drugs / Postmenopausal: aromatase inhibitor drugs are treatments for | hormone-receptor positive recurrent/metastatic tumor |
| Hormonal manipulation if unresponsive to tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor is treatment for | hormone-receptor negative recurrent/metastatic tumor |
| To control metastatic deposits in bone and soft tissues | radiation |
| arises from fibrous tissue or blood vessels, large bulky tumor, may metastasize widely & treatment is by surgical resection of the involved breast | breast sarcoma |
Created by:
lfrancois
Popular Medical sets