Question | Answer |
A1c | blood test the measures HbA1c |
ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
ADH | antidiuretic hormone |
BGM | blood glucose monitoringBMR |
BMR | basal metabolic rate |
DI | diabetes insipidus |
DM | diabetes mellitus |
FBG | fasting blood glucose |
FBS | fasting blood sugar |
FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
GH | growth hormone |
GTT | gulcose tolerance test |
HbA1c | glycolsylated hemoglobin test |
hCG | homan chrorionic gonadotropin |
ICSH | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone |
IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus |
IGF | unsulin-like growth factor |
K+ | potasium |
LH | luteinizing hormone |
MEN | multiple endocrine neoplasia |
Na+ | sodium |
NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus |
17-OH | 17-hydroxycorticosteriods |
OT | oxytoxin |
PRL | prolactin |
PTH | parathyroid hormone |
RAI | radioactive iodine |
RIA | radioimmunoassay |
SIADH | syndrome of inapproriate ADH |
STH | somatotropin |
T3 | triidothyronine |
T4 | thyroxine - tetraiodothyronine |
TFT | thyroid function test |
TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone |
adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of pituitary gland consisting of glandular tissue |
adrenal cortex | outer section of each adrenal gland |
adrenal medulla | inner section of each adrenal gland |
adrenaline | hormone secreted by adrenal medulla; epinephrine |
adrenocorticotropic hormone | stimulate adrenal cortex growth & secretion of three steroid hormones, particularly cortisol |
andrenocorticotropin | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
aldosterone | secreted by adrenal cortex; increases amount of sodium & decreases amount of potasium in blood by targeting kidneys |
androgen | male hormone responsible for devloping & maintaining male secondary characteristics |
antidiuretic hormone | decreases production of urine; causes kidney tubules to reabsorb water & return to blood |
calcitonin | lowers calcium levels in blood; secreted by thyroid |
catecholamines | any of a group of sympathomimetic amines whose molecule has an aromatic portion of catechol |
epinephrine is an example of | catecholamines |
corticosteroid | hormone secreted by adrenal cortes |
cortisol & aldosterone are examples of | corticosteroids |
cortisol | regulates use of sugars, fats & proteins in cells, secreted by adrenal medulla |
this hormone raises blood sugar | cortisol |
electrolyte | substance that, in solution, carries an electric charges |
sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++) & chloride (Cl-) are examples of | electrolytes |
epinephrine | increases heart rate & blood pressure in response to "fight/flight" reaction |
estradiol | one of the estrogens hormones secreted by ovaries |
estrogens | female hormones secreted by ovaries & to lesser extent adrenal cortex in male/female |
euthyroid | normal functioning thyroid |
follicle stimulating hormone | secretion of anterior love of pituitary gland; timulates ovarian follicles to produce egg cells |
glucagon | when blood sugar low stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose |
hormone secrete by alph islet cells of pancreas | glucagon |
glucocorticoid | steroid hormone secreted by middle layer of adrenal cortex |
cortisol is an example of | glucocorticoid |
glycemic | pertaining to blood sugar |
glycogen | animal starch; glycogen broken down througgh glycogenolysis to produce glucose |
gonadotropic hormones | FSH & LH; secreted by inner layer of adrenal cortex |
growth hormone | secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; stimulates growth of bones/soft tissues |
somatotropin is an example of | growth hormone |
homeostasis | tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy & stability |
hormonal | pertaining to a hormone |
hormone | chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland |
insulin | helps sugar leave blood & enter cells by stimulating cells to burn glucose for energy |
luteinizing hormone | secreted by anterior love of pituitary; stimulate ovaries to ovulate & produce hormones |
mineralcorticoid | secreted by adrenal cortes; regulates electrolytes & water balance in body |
aldosterone in an example of | a mineralcorticoid |
neurohypophysis | posterior lobe of pituitary composed of nervous tissue |
secretes oxytoxin & vasopressin | nerohypophysis |
norepinephrine | increases blood pressure as part of "fight/flight" reaction |
hormone secretes by adrenal medulla & is a sympathomimetic | norepinephrine |
oxytocin | stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus to contract during labor & delivery |
hormone secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary; used during childbirth | oxytocin |
pancreas | endocrine (islet cells) & exocrine (enzyme producing cells) gland behind stomach |
parathormone | regulates calcium in blood |
parathyroid glands | four small endocrine glands attached to posterior side of thyroid gland |
pineal gland | cone-shaped gland in center of brain |
secretes melatonin | pineal gland |
pituitary gland | small pea-shaped gland attached to undersurface of hypothalamus |
anterior & posterior lobes secrete hormones | pituitary glands |
progesterone | hormone secreted by ovaries |
prolactin | promotes mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth |
receptor | cellular/nuclear protein that binds to a hormone to elicit response by targeted tissue |
sella turcica | cavoty in base of skull; contain pituitary |
somatotropin | hormone secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary |
steriod | complex substance related to fat |
target tissue | cells of an organ that are affected/stimulated by specific hormones |
testosterone | hormone secretes by testes |
tetraiodothyronine | hormone secreted by thyroid that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4) |
thyroid gland | endocrine gland in anterior neck on front & sides of trachea, just below thyroid cartilage |
thyrotropin | control the release of thyroid hormone & stimulates growth & function of thyroid |
thyrotropin is also called | thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH |
vasopressin | hormone secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary; stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water |
also called ADH | vasopressin |
triiodothyronine | hormone secreted by thyroid containing 3 atoms of iodine; stimulates body metabolism (T3) |
chemical messengers of the endocrine system | travel through the bloodstream |
effects of the endocrine system tend to | appear more slowly and to last longer |
metabolic processes | activities involving distribution of nutrients, generate energy & eliminate waste |
play an important role in growth, development, and reproduction | endocrine glands |
endocrine glands regulate | metabolic processes |
Endocrine glands help to maintain | homeostasis |
endocrine glands are | ductless glands |
endocrine glands secrete chemicals through the | glandular membrane |
exocrine glands deliver their secretetions | through a duct |
The word "hormone" is from the Greek | hormaein, meaning to excite, arouse, or set in motion |
chemically hormones are either | proteins formed from amino acids or steroids made from lipid cholesterol |
sex glands & outer region of adrenal cortes secrete | steroid hormones |
protein hormones | bind with receptors on plasma membrane of target tissue's cells |
steroid hormones | pass through plasma membrane & bind with receptors inside the cell |
erythropoeitin | stimulates production of red blood cells |
"the master gland" | pituitary gland |
anterior lobe of pituitary is under the control of | the hypothalamus |
growth hormone stimulating skeletal muscles & long bones of body | somatotropin |
growth hormone also promotes the | synthesis of proteins, performs cell repair & helps maintain blood glucose levels |
endocrine gland located in sella tucica | the pituitary gland |
the anterior lobe of pituitary is an upward extension of | the pharynx |
the posterior lobe of pituitary is a downward projection of | the brain |
the pituitary gland is the target organ for the | hypothalamus |
by secreting releasing and release-inhibiting hormones, the hypothalamus | controls secretions of anterior pituitary lobe |
hypothalamus produces hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary lobe | where they are stored until needed |
lactogenic hormone | prolactin; secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary |
hormone secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary | thyrotropin, or thyroid stimulating hormone TSH |
adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by | the pituitary anterior lobe |
anterior pituitary secretes two | gonadotropic hormones |
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | affects skin pigment-producing cells; secretes by anterior lobe of pituitary |
pigmentation of the skin is increased | when an excessive amount of MSH is secreted |
stimulated by nerve impulses from hypothalamus to release stored hormones | posterior lobe of pituitary |
hormones secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary | antidiuretic hormone & oxytocin |
insufficient secretion of ADH can | increase urine production |
vasopressin is capable of causing | smooth muscles of blood vessels to contract & elevate blood pressure |
also responsible for release/let down of milk from mammary glands in response to infant suckling | oxytocin |
melatonin | believed to act on specific receptors to influence body biological clock |
regulates sleep/wake cycle | melatonin |
thyroid gland consists of | a right & left lobe |
the isthmus is | narrow strip, in the middle, connecting R&L lobe of thyroid gland |
dependent of both hypothalamus & pituitary gland for its regulation | thyroid gland |
thyroid tissues consist of | follicles |
follicles | tiny structural units with walls lined with follicular cells |
follicular cells | cube-shaped cells lining walls of follicles in thyroid gland |
colloid | clear, thick substance filling follicles of thyroid tissues |
parafollicular cells are located | between the thyroid follicles |
parafollicular cells of thyroid secrete | the hormone calcitonin |
calcitonin is not under the control of | thyroid-releasing/stimulating hormones |
calcitonin induces calcium to | leave the blood and enter bone tissue for increased bone formation |
follicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete | triiodothyronine (T3) & tetraiodothyronine, also called thyroxine, or T4 |
triiodothyronine (T3) & tetraiodothyronine, also called thyroxine, or T4 are both | synthesized from iodine |
parathyroid glands have three target organs on which to act | bone, kidneys & digestive tract |
parathormone stimulates | release of calcium from bones, kidneys to reabsorb calcium from urine & increases absorption of calcium in digestive tract |
PTH has an effect on blood calcium levels that is opposite to that of | calcitonin |
calcitonin & PTH help to maintain | correct balance of calcium in blood |
correct balance of calcium in blood, by calcitonin & PTH, is accomplished by | negative feedback; info about effect of hormone, is supplied to gland that secretes it |
thymus | lies in mediastinum beneath sternum |
endocrine function of thymus | secrete thymosin |
thymosin | stimulate development of immune system & production of lymphocytes |
adrenal glands are also called | suprarenal |
adrenal glands | two small secretory organs, each of which sits on top of a kidney |
the two regions of adrenal glands | secrete different hormones |
hormones secreted by adrenal medulla | epinephrine & norepinephrine |
epinephrine & norepinephrine are released into blood stream in response to stimulation by | the sympatheric nervous system |
glucocorticoids, secreted by adrenal cortex, respond to stress by | increasing blood glucose |
adrenal cortexs releases mineralocorticoids that | maintain electrolyte balance by the kidneys |
innermost layer of adrenal cortex secrete small amounts of | sex hormones, resembling testosterone |
consists of three distinct layers, each secretes specific class of | cortical hormones |
adrenal cortex secretes three types of steroid hormones know as | corticosteroids |
mineralocorticoids maintain electrolyte balance by | regulating amount of mineral salts in blood |
maintain normal blood glucose & blood pressure | glucocorticoids |
cortisol is also known as | hydrocortisone |
release of hydrocortisone occurs in response to | secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary, under direction of hypothalamus |
cortisol exerts | an anti-inflammatory effect |
secreted in greater amounts during times of physiological stress | cortisol/hydrocortisone |
cortisol & cortison can be prepared synthetically & are | prescribed for inflammation |
responsible for secondary sex characteristics & required for reproduction | gonadocorticoids in the form of andogrens |
adrenal cortex secretes two non-steroidal hormones called | catecholamines |
catecholamines play an important role in the body's physiological response | to stress |
sympathomimetic hormones | epinephrine & norepinephrine |
sympathomimetic hormones exert effects similar to | the sympathetic nervous system |
long gland that stretches across the posterior wall of the upper abdomen | the pancreas |
as an exocrine the pancreas aids in | the digestion of food |
islets of Langerhans | clusters of cells, scattered throughout pancreas, forming endocrine portion |
islets of Langerhans consist of two types of cells | alpha & beta cells |
alpha cells secrete | the hormone glucagon |
beta cells secrete | the hormone insulin |
promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen | insulin |
insulin is antagonized by | glucagon, which opposes its effects |
when blood sugar levels are low, glucagon also triggers the transformation of | fatty acids and amino acids into glucose |
estrogens include | estradiol & estrone |
ovaries secrete two female sex hormone | which are estrogens & progesterone |
estradiol & estrone are responsible for expression of female sex characteristics & | maintaining proper sequence in female reproductive cycle |
prepares the uterine lining for, & maintains it during, pregnancy | progesterone |
testes are located in | the scrotum |
testosterone is responsible for | maturation of secondary sex characteristics in men |
these control both male & female hormones | releasing hormones of hypothalamus & gonadotropins of anterior pituitary |
hormones who target organs are the gonads | gonadotropins |
lactogenic | pertaining to production of milk |
gonadotropin | substance that stimulates the sex organs |