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Med Term Mod18
Terms, Abbreviations & Meanings
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A1c | blood test the measures HbA1c |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone |
| BGM | blood glucose monitoringBMR |
| BMR | basal metabolic rate |
| DI | diabetes insipidus |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| FBG | fasting blood glucose |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| GH | growth hormone |
| GTT | gulcose tolerance test |
| HbA1c | glycolsylated hemoglobin test |
| hCG | homan chrorionic gonadotropin |
| ICSH | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone |
| IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus |
| IGF | unsulin-like growth factor |
| K+ | potasium |
| LH | luteinizing hormone |
| MEN | multiple endocrine neoplasia |
| Na+ | sodium |
| NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus |
| 17-OH | 17-hydroxycorticosteriods |
| OT | oxytoxin |
| PRL | prolactin |
| PTH | parathyroid hormone |
| RAI | radioactive iodine |
| RIA | radioimmunoassay |
| SIADH | syndrome of inapproriate ADH |
| STH | somatotropin |
| T3 | triidothyronine |
| T4 | thyroxine - tetraiodothyronine |
| TFT | thyroid function test |
| TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone |
| adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of pituitary gland consisting of glandular tissue |
| adrenal cortex | outer section of each adrenal gland |
| adrenal medulla | inner section of each adrenal gland |
| adrenaline | hormone secreted by adrenal medulla; epinephrine |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | stimulate adrenal cortex growth & secretion of three steroid hormones, particularly cortisol |
| andrenocorticotropin | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| aldosterone | secreted by adrenal cortex; increases amount of sodium & decreases amount of potasium in blood by targeting kidneys |
| androgen | male hormone responsible for devloping & maintaining male secondary characteristics |
| antidiuretic hormone | decreases production of urine; causes kidney tubules to reabsorb water & return to blood |
| calcitonin | lowers calcium levels in blood; secreted by thyroid |
| catecholamines | any of a group of sympathomimetic amines whose molecule has an aromatic portion of catechol |
| epinephrine is an example of | catecholamines |
| corticosteroid | hormone secreted by adrenal cortes |
| cortisol & aldosterone are examples of | corticosteroids |
| cortisol | regulates use of sugars, fats & proteins in cells, secreted by adrenal medulla |
| this hormone raises blood sugar | cortisol |
| electrolyte | substance that, in solution, carries an electric charges |
| sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++) & chloride (Cl-) are examples of | electrolytes |
| epinephrine | increases heart rate & blood pressure in response to "fight/flight" reaction |
| estradiol | one of the estrogens hormones secreted by ovaries |
| estrogens | female hormones secreted by ovaries & to lesser extent adrenal cortex in male/female |
| euthyroid | normal functioning thyroid |
| follicle stimulating hormone | secretion of anterior love of pituitary gland; timulates ovarian follicles to produce egg cells |
| glucagon | when blood sugar low stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose |
| hormone secrete by alph islet cells of pancreas | glucagon |
| glucocorticoid | steroid hormone secreted by middle layer of adrenal cortex |
| cortisol is an example of | glucocorticoid |
| glycemic | pertaining to blood sugar |
| glycogen | animal starch; glycogen broken down througgh glycogenolysis to produce glucose |
| gonadotropic hormones | FSH & LH; secreted by inner layer of adrenal cortex |
| growth hormone | secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; stimulates growth of bones/soft tissues |
| somatotropin is an example of | growth hormone |
| homeostasis | tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy & stability |
| hormonal | pertaining to a hormone |
| hormone | chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland |
| insulin | helps sugar leave blood & enter cells by stimulating cells to burn glucose for energy |
| luteinizing hormone | secreted by anterior love of pituitary; stimulate ovaries to ovulate & produce hormones |
| mineralcorticoid | secreted by adrenal cortes; regulates electrolytes & water balance in body |
| aldosterone in an example of | a mineralcorticoid |
| neurohypophysis | posterior lobe of pituitary composed of nervous tissue |
| secretes oxytoxin & vasopressin | nerohypophysis |
| norepinephrine | increases blood pressure as part of "fight/flight" reaction |
| hormone secretes by adrenal medulla & is a sympathomimetic | norepinephrine |
| oxytocin | stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus to contract during labor & delivery |
| hormone secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary; used during childbirth | oxytocin |
| pancreas | endocrine (islet cells) & exocrine (enzyme producing cells) gland behind stomach |
| parathormone | regulates calcium in blood |
| parathyroid glands | four small endocrine glands attached to posterior side of thyroid gland |
| pineal gland | cone-shaped gland in center of brain |
| secretes melatonin | pineal gland |
| pituitary gland | small pea-shaped gland attached to undersurface of hypothalamus |
| anterior & posterior lobes secrete hormones | pituitary glands |
| progesterone | hormone secreted by ovaries |
| prolactin | promotes mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth |
| receptor | cellular/nuclear protein that binds to a hormone to elicit response by targeted tissue |
| sella turcica | cavoty in base of skull; contain pituitary |
| somatotropin | hormone secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary |
| steriod | complex substance related to fat |
| target tissue | cells of an organ that are affected/stimulated by specific hormones |
| testosterone | hormone secretes by testes |
| tetraiodothyronine | hormone secreted by thyroid that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4) |
| thyroid gland | endocrine gland in anterior neck on front & sides of trachea, just below thyroid cartilage |
| thyrotropin | control the release of thyroid hormone & stimulates growth & function of thyroid |
| thyrotropin is also called | thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH |
| vasopressin | hormone secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary; stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water |
| also called ADH | vasopressin |
| triiodothyronine | hormone secreted by thyroid containing 3 atoms of iodine; stimulates body metabolism (T3) |
| chemical messengers of the endocrine system | travel through the bloodstream |
| effects of the endocrine system tend to | appear more slowly and to last longer |
| metabolic processes | activities involving distribution of nutrients, generate energy & eliminate waste |
| play an important role in growth, development, and reproduction | endocrine glands |
| endocrine glands regulate | metabolic processes |
| Endocrine glands help to maintain | homeostasis |
| endocrine glands are | ductless glands |
| endocrine glands secrete chemicals through the | glandular membrane |
| exocrine glands deliver their secretetions | through a duct |
| The word "hormone" is from the Greek | hormaein, meaning to excite, arouse, or set in motion |
| chemically hormones are either | proteins formed from amino acids or steroids made from lipid cholesterol |
| sex glands & outer region of adrenal cortes secrete | steroid hormones |
| protein hormones | bind with receptors on plasma membrane of target tissue's cells |
| steroid hormones | pass through plasma membrane & bind with receptors inside the cell |
| erythropoeitin | stimulates production of red blood cells |
| "the master gland" | pituitary gland |
| anterior lobe of pituitary is under the control of | the hypothalamus |
| growth hormone stimulating skeletal muscles & long bones of body | somatotropin |
| growth hormone also promotes the | synthesis of proteins, performs cell repair & helps maintain blood glucose levels |
| endocrine gland located in sella tucica | the pituitary gland |
| the anterior lobe of pituitary is an upward extension of | the pharynx |
| the posterior lobe of pituitary is a downward projection of | the brain |
| the pituitary gland is the target organ for the | hypothalamus |
| by secreting releasing and release-inhibiting hormones, the hypothalamus | controls secretions of anterior pituitary lobe |
| hypothalamus produces hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary lobe | where they are stored until needed |
| lactogenic hormone | prolactin; secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary |
| hormone secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary | thyrotropin, or thyroid stimulating hormone TSH |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by | the pituitary anterior lobe |
| anterior pituitary secretes two | gonadotropic hormones |
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | affects skin pigment-producing cells; secretes by anterior lobe of pituitary |
| pigmentation of the skin is increased | when an excessive amount of MSH is secreted |
| stimulated by nerve impulses from hypothalamus to release stored hormones | posterior lobe of pituitary |
| hormones secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary | antidiuretic hormone & oxytocin |
| insufficient secretion of ADH can | increase urine production |
| vasopressin is capable of causing | smooth muscles of blood vessels to contract & elevate blood pressure |
| also responsible for release/let down of milk from mammary glands in response to infant suckling | oxytocin |
| melatonin | believed to act on specific receptors to influence body biological clock |
| regulates sleep/wake cycle | melatonin |
| thyroid gland consists of | a right & left lobe |
| the isthmus is | narrow strip, in the middle, connecting R&L lobe of thyroid gland |
| dependent of both hypothalamus & pituitary gland for its regulation | thyroid gland |
| thyroid tissues consist of | follicles |
| follicles | tiny structural units with walls lined with follicular cells |
| follicular cells | cube-shaped cells lining walls of follicles in thyroid gland |
| colloid | clear, thick substance filling follicles of thyroid tissues |
| parafollicular cells are located | between the thyroid follicles |
| parafollicular cells of thyroid secrete | the hormone calcitonin |
| calcitonin is not under the control of | thyroid-releasing/stimulating hormones |
| calcitonin induces calcium to | leave the blood and enter bone tissue for increased bone formation |
| follicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete | triiodothyronine (T3) & tetraiodothyronine, also called thyroxine, or T4 |
| triiodothyronine (T3) & tetraiodothyronine, also called thyroxine, or T4 are both | synthesized from iodine |
| parathyroid glands have three target organs on which to act | bone, kidneys & digestive tract |
| parathormone stimulates | release of calcium from bones, kidneys to reabsorb calcium from urine & increases absorption of calcium in digestive tract |
| PTH has an effect on blood calcium levels that is opposite to that of | calcitonin |
| calcitonin & PTH help to maintain | correct balance of calcium in blood |
| correct balance of calcium in blood, by calcitonin & PTH, is accomplished by | negative feedback; info about effect of hormone, is supplied to gland that secretes it |
| thymus | lies in mediastinum beneath sternum |
| endocrine function of thymus | secrete thymosin |
| thymosin | stimulate development of immune system & production of lymphocytes |
| adrenal glands are also called | suprarenal |
| adrenal glands | two small secretory organs, each of which sits on top of a kidney |
| the two regions of adrenal glands | secrete different hormones |
| hormones secreted by adrenal medulla | epinephrine & norepinephrine |
| epinephrine & norepinephrine are released into blood stream in response to stimulation by | the sympatheric nervous system |
| glucocorticoids, secreted by adrenal cortex, respond to stress by | increasing blood glucose |
| adrenal cortexs releases mineralocorticoids that | maintain electrolyte balance by the kidneys |
| innermost layer of adrenal cortex secrete small amounts of | sex hormones, resembling testosterone |
| consists of three distinct layers, each secretes specific class of | cortical hormones |
| adrenal cortex secretes three types of steroid hormones know as | corticosteroids |
| mineralocorticoids maintain electrolyte balance by | regulating amount of mineral salts in blood |
| maintain normal blood glucose & blood pressure | glucocorticoids |
| cortisol is also known as | hydrocortisone |
| release of hydrocortisone occurs in response to | secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary, under direction of hypothalamus |
| cortisol exerts | an anti-inflammatory effect |
| secreted in greater amounts during times of physiological stress | cortisol/hydrocortisone |
| cortisol & cortison can be prepared synthetically & are | prescribed for inflammation |
| responsible for secondary sex characteristics & required for reproduction | gonadocorticoids in the form of andogrens |
| adrenal cortex secretes two non-steroidal hormones called | catecholamines |
| catecholamines play an important role in the body's physiological response | to stress |
| sympathomimetic hormones | epinephrine & norepinephrine |
| sympathomimetic hormones exert effects similar to | the sympathetic nervous system |
| long gland that stretches across the posterior wall of the upper abdomen | the pancreas |
| as an exocrine the pancreas aids in | the digestion of food |
| islets of Langerhans | clusters of cells, scattered throughout pancreas, forming endocrine portion |
| islets of Langerhans consist of two types of cells | alpha & beta cells |
| alpha cells secrete | the hormone glucagon |
| beta cells secrete | the hormone insulin |
| promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen | insulin |
| insulin is antagonized by | glucagon, which opposes its effects |
| when blood sugar levels are low, glucagon also triggers the transformation of | fatty acids and amino acids into glucose |
| estrogens include | estradiol & estrone |
| ovaries secrete two female sex hormone | which are estrogens & progesterone |
| estradiol & estrone are responsible for expression of female sex characteristics & | maintaining proper sequence in female reproductive cycle |
| prepares the uterine lining for, & maintains it during, pregnancy | progesterone |
| testes are located in | the scrotum |
| testosterone is responsible for | maturation of secondary sex characteristics in men |
| these control both male & female hormones | releasing hormones of hypothalamus & gonadotropins of anterior pituitary |
| hormones who target organs are the gonads | gonadotropins |
| lactogenic | pertaining to production of milk |
| gonadotropin | substance that stimulates the sex organs |
Created by:
lfrancois
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