Question | Answer |
adenoid hypertrophy | increased development of adenoids |
adenoidectomy | removal of adenoids |
adenoids | lymphatic tissue in nasopharynx |
alveolar | pertaining to an alveoulus |
alveolus | clusters of millions of minuteair sacs, arising from alveolar ducts |
plural for alveoli | alvelous |
anosmia | loss of sense of smell |
anthracosis | abnormal condition of coal dust in lungs |
also called black lung disease | anthracosis |
apex of lung | uppermost portion of lung |
apical | pertaining to top of an organ |
apnea | stoppage of breathing |
asbestosis | abnormal condition of absestos fiber particles in the lungs |
asphyxia | deficient oxygean & increased cardbon dioxide in bloodstream |
asthma | chronic inflammation disorder, characterized by airway obstruction |
caused by bronchial edema, bronchoconstriction & increased mucus production | asthma |
atelectasis | collapsed lung |
auscliation | listening for sounds in chest & abdomen using stethoscope |
bacilli | rod-shaped bacteria that are cause of tuberculosis |
base of lung | lower portion of lung |
bronchial alveolar lavage | irrigation/washing of a bronchus by injecting fluid through a bronchoscope & then removing to analyze contents |
bronchiectasis | abnormal widening of bronchial tubes |
bronchiole | small bronchial tube |
bronchiolitis | inflammation of a bronchiole |
bronchodilator | agent that open bronchial tubes |
bronchopleural | pertaining to a bronchial tube & pluera |
bronchoscopy | examination of the bronchi with a fiber-optic or rigid endoscope |
bronchospasm | involuntary muscular contractions in bronchial tubes leading to narrowing of the bronchi |
bronchus | branch of trachea leading towards air sacs of lung |
carbon dioxide | gas produced in tissue cells when oxygen & food combine |
chest tomograms | xray image series to reaveal chest, layers/sections of the lung |
chronic bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi persisting over long period of time |
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | lung & bronchial tube conditions that block & damage airways & persists over long period of time |
chronic bronchitis & emphysema are examples of | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
cilia | thin hairs that line nasal passageways & tubes of respiratory tract |
computed tomography of chest | computer generated xray images showing thoracic structures in cross-section |
cor pulmonale | enlargement of the right side of the heart due to lung disease |
croup | acute viral infection in infants & children |
strider | strained, high-pitched noisy breathing |
characterized by barking cough, obstruction of larynx & strider | croup |
cyanosis | abnormal condition of bluish coloration of skin |
cystic fibrosis | inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in mucous secretions that do not drain normally |
diaphragm | muscle that separates chest & abdomen |
diptheria | acute infection of throat caused by diptheria bacteria |
characterized by formation of a thick membrane that obstructs throat & breathing | diptheria |
dysphonia | abnormal voice/sound produced by speaking |
dyspnea | abnormal breathing |
emphysema | hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls |
empyema | pus in pleural space surrounding lungs |
endotrachial intubation | tube placed through mouth & throat into trachea to establish an airway |
epiglottis | leaf-shaped flap of tissue (cartilage) |
epiglottitis | inflammation of epiglottis |
epistaxis | nosebleed |
expectoration | coughin up of mucus/sputum from throat & respiratory tract |
expiration | process of breathing out or exhalation |
exudate | fluid, cells or other substances that slowly leave cells/capillaries through pores/breaks in cell membranes |
glottis | slit-like opening between vocal folds of larynx |
hemoptysis | spitting up blood from respiratory tract |
hemothorax | blood in pleural cavity surrounding lungs |
hilar | pertaining to hilum |
hilum of lung | midline region where bronchi, blood vessels & nerves enter & exit lungs |
hydrothorax | water/fluid that accumulates in pleural space surrounding the lungs |
hypercapnia | increased levels of cardon dioxide in bloodstream |
hyperpnea | increase in breathing rate |
hypoxia | deficiency of oxygen in tissues |
inspiration | act of breathing in |
inhalation is also called | inspiration |
laryngeal | pertaining to larynx |
laryngitis | inflammation of larynx |
laryngoscopy | endoscopic visual exam of larynx |
laryngospasm | involuntary contraction of muscles surrounding larynx |
larynx | voicebox, located at upper region of trachea |
lobectomy | removal of a lobe/section of an organ |
lung biopsy | surgical removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic exam of cells |
lung cancer | malignant tumor arising from lungs & bronchial tubes |
MRI of chest | magnetic waves create images of chest in all 3 planes of body |
mediastinoscopy | endoscopic visual exam of mediastinum |
mediastinum | region between lungs in chest cavity |
mesothelioma | rare malignant tumor arising in pleura & associated with asbestos exposure |
nares | nose |
nasogastric intubation | placement of tube through nose into stomach |
obstructive lung disease | narrowed airways result in resistance to airflow during breathing |
asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD & cystic fibrosis are all examples of | obstructive lung disease |
orthopnea | breathing is only comfortable when a patient is in an upright position |
oxygen | gas inhaled & entering bloodstream through lungs |
palatine tonsil | one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in oral pharynx |
palliative | relieving, but not curing an illness |
paranasal sinus | one of a pair of air cavities in the bones around the nose |
parietal plueral | outer layer of pleura lying closest to chest wall |
peroxysmal | pertaining to a suddent occurance |
percussion | tapping on surface to determine underlying structure |
perussis | bacterial infection of throat, larynx & trachea |
perussis is also called | whooping cough |
pharyngeal | pertaining to throat/pharynx |
pharynx | throat, nasopharynx, oropharynx & laryngopharynx |
phrenic nerve | carries impulses to diaphragm from brain |
pleura | double-folded membrane surrounding each lung, lining the chest wall |
pleural cavity | space between pleura surrounding each lung |
pleural effusion | collection of fluid in pleural cavity |
pleural rub | scratchy sound produced by inflamed/irritated pleural surfaces rubbing against each other |
pleurisy | inflammation of pleura, or pleuritis |
pleurodynia | pain associated with pleura |
pneumoconiosis | abnormal condition of collection of dust particles in lungs |
pneumonectomy | removal of a lung |
pneumonia | acute inflammation & infection of alveoli which fill with pus & products of inflammation |
pneumothorax | presence of air/gas in pleural cavity causing lung to collapse |
PET of lung | redioactive substance injected into patient & images reveal the metabolic activity in lung for diagnosis of malignant tumors |
pulmonary | pertaining to lungs |
pulmonary abcess | collection of pus in lungs |
pulmonary angiography | xray recording of lung blood vessels after injecting contrast into the pulmonary artery |
pulmonary edema | collection of fluid in air sacs & bronchioles of lung |
pulmonary embolism | clot/material from distant veing that blocks a blood vessel in the lung |
pulmonary fibrosis | formation of scar tissue in connective tissue of the lung |
pulmonary function test | tests that measure the breathing mechanics of the lung |
pulmonary infarction | area of dead tissue in the lung |
pulmonary parenchyma | essential parts of lungs responsible for respiration |
bronchioles & alveoli are considered | the pulmonary parenchyma |
purulent | pus-filled |
pyothorax | pus collection in the pleural cavity |
rale | abnormal, fine, crackling sound hear on auscilation when there is fluid in the aveoli |
respiration | process by which oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged between the body & its enviroment through movement of air in & out of the lungs |
restrictive lung disease | condition in which lung expansion is limited by diseases that affect the chest, pleura or lung tissue itself. |
pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage & pheunoconiosis are examples of | restrictive lung disease |
rhinoplasty | surgical repair of nose |
rhinorrhea | discharge of mucus from nose |
rhonchus (rhonchi) | loud, rumbling sound heard on auscilation of bronchi obstructed by sputum |
sarcoidosis | chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause in which small nodules/tubercles devlops in lungs, lymph nodes, & other organs |
silicosis | silica glass duct collects in lungs; type of pneumoconiosis |
sinusitis | inflammation of paranasal sinuses |
spirometer | instrument to measure breathing |
sputum | material expelled from chest by coughing/clearing throat; phelgm |
sputum culture | sputum collected & placed in growth medium to analyze the type of microorganisms present |
stridor | strained, high-pitched noisy breathing associated with obstruction of larynx/trachea |
thoracentesis | surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space |
thoracic | pertaining to the chest |
thorascopy | endoscopic visualization of chest |
thoracotomy | incision of chest |
tonsillectomy | removal of tonsils |
trachea | windpipe |
tracheal stenosis | narrowing of trachea |
tracheostomy | new opening of trachea to outside of body |
tracheotomy | incision of trachea |
tube thoracostomy | chest tube passed through opening in skin of chest to continuously drain pleural effusion |
tuberculin test | determined past/present exposire to TB based on a positive skin test |
tuberculosis | infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis |
lungs usually involved by other organs may be affected by | tuberculosis |
ventilation-perfusion scan | detection device records radioactivity after injection of readioisotope/small amounts of inhaled radioactive gas |
visceral pleura | innermost membrane of pleura, lying closet to lung tissue |
wheeze | continuous high-pitched whistling sound heard when air is forced through a narrow space during inspiration/expiration |
cor pulmonale | heart failure |
upper respiratory tract includes | nose, pharynx, adenoids (pharnygeal tonsils), palatine tonsils, epiglottis, larynx & trachea |
nares is the | entrance to respiratory passageway through which air travels to & from lungs |
exterior of nares consists of | cartilage & bone overlaid by skin |
interior of nares consists of | mucous membrane & cilia, forming the lining of nasal cavity |
nasal cavity lies over the roof of the mouth & is separated by | septum |
septum | a midline partition of the nasal cavity |
air passing along the lining of the nares is | warmed, moistened & filtered of impurities/foreign substances |
alomst the entire lining of respiratory tract is lined with | specialized respiratory mucous membrane |
the specialized respiratory mucous membrane is composed of | ciliated pseudostratified epithelium |
the respiratory mucosa is rish in | goblet cells |
the cilia on surface of respiratory mucosa sweep contaminants in the mucus secretions upward towards the | pharynx to eventually be removed |
also lined with a mucous membrane which produces secretions that drain into & lubricate the nasal cavity | paranasal sinuses |
air-filled spaces which help to tighten the bones of skull & serve as resonating chambers for speech | the paranasal sinuses |
frontal, ethmoid, maxillary & sphenoid are all | part of the paranasal sinuses |
the uppermost section of pharynx, the nasopharynx, is located | just posterior to the nasal cavity |
the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and eustachian tube are contained with | the nasopharynx |
the 2nd division of pharyx, oropharynx, is located | juest behind the mouth |
palatine tonsils are contained within | the oropharynx |
3rd section of pharyx, laryngopharynx, | opens into larynx & esophagus |
nasal conchae | thin bony plates that project into the nasal cavity; called also turbinates or turbinate bones. |
larynx consists of | a cartilaginous framework |
Adam's apple | held together by muscles & ligaments; most prominent portion of larynx; also called thyroid cartilage |
the larynx is also lined with | a ciliated mucous membrane, which helps to warm, humidify & filter incoming air |
from the base of the tounge, includes the epiglottis, vocal cords, trachea & thyroid cartilage | the larynx |
laryngeal muscles function to widen/narrow opening between | vocal cords |
when air is expired through the glottis it causes the vocal cord to vibrate, producing | sound |
protects the glottis preventing aspiration of food into airway, by covering entrance to larynx, during swallowing | the epiglottis |
lower respiratory tract consists of | all segments of bronchial tree & the lungs |
the only lower airway structures not contained within the lungs are | trachea & main stem bronchi |
cylindrical tube in neck | trachea |
the trachea is divided at its lower end into two large airway passages called | the bronchial tubes/bronchi |
divides the trachea into the two branches | the mediastinum |
left bronchus enters the | left lung |
right bronchus is | slightly larger & more verticle that the left, enters the right lung |
bronchi divide into | primary, secondary & tertiary; in that order |
bronchioles branch to form miscroscopic tubes called | alveolar ducts |
perform the function of gas exchange within the lungs | alveoli |
walls of alveoli consist of | a single layer of epithelial cells |
once within the bloodstream oxygen binds with iron in the | protein hemoglobin |
carry oxygen to all parts of the body & carbon dioxide to lungs for expiration | erythrocytes |
thorax | chest |
the lungs extend from | the clavicle to the diaphragm |
primary muscle of respiration | the diaphragm |
pair of highly elastic organs that provide an enormous surface area for gas exchange | lungs & diaphragm |
space separating pluera layers contains a small amount of ____ that helps to keep lungs inflated & lubricate during respiration | surfactant |
modified cone-shaped organs | the lungs |
basilar | pertaining to the base |
right lung has a ___________ lobe | right, middle & upper |
the left lung only has 2 lobes in order to | compensate for the space that the heart takes up in chest cavity |
ventilation | activity by which air moves into and out of the lungs |
made up of inspiration & expiration | ventilation |
during inspiration air flows from the atmosphere into the lungs because | contraction of diaphragm causes pressure within thorax to fall below that of the external enviroment |
during expiration the diaphragm relaxes upward, which causes | a reduction in volume of thoacic cavity & increased pressure within, forcing air out of the lungs |
respiration includes | ventilation, gas exchange & gas transport |
relies on the interdependence of many body systems for its effectiveness | respiration |
during _____ pressure in the thoarcic cavity increases | expiration |
during _____ the thoracic cavity expands | inspiration |
expectorants | agents that help to expel mucus |