Question | Answer |
Allergic granulomatosis | systemic vasculitis with prominent eosinophilia; young patients with asthma |
Atherosclerotic aneurysm | infrarenal abdominal aorta |
Berry/congenital aneurysm | in circle of Willis branches, high mortality |
Type A Aortic dissection | involves ascending arota; cardiac tamponade, high mortaility rate |
Tybe B Aortic dissection | not involving the ascending aorta |
Dissecting aneurysm | hematoma in the wall of the artery, splitting of the media |
Angioplasty | dilating of coronary artery by a balloon catheter |
Angiosarcoma | malignant neoplasm of vessels; mostly subcutaneous, soft tissues |
hyaline arteriolosclerosis | hyaline thickening, benign nephrosclerosis |
hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis | onion-skin appearance, accelerated hypertension, malignant nephrosclerosis |
3 categories of arteriosclerosis | Mnckeberg's arteriosclerosis, Arteriolosclerosis, Atherosclerosis |
Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis | medial calcific sclerosis; media of medium-sized aa, small muscular arteries; 'ring-like' calcifications |
Arteriolosclerosis | affects small arteries and arterioles; hylaine and hyperplastic; assoc with hypertension and DM |
Atherosclerosis | large and medium aa; disease of arterial intima |
2 characteristic lesions of atherosclerosis | fatty streaks, proliverative lesion or intimal cellular mass |
Morphologic characteristic of fibrofatty plaque | fibrous cap, grumous lipid core |
Common site of plaque build-up | bifurcations, carotid, renal, iliac |
Highest geographic incidence of cardiovascular disease | Finland, GB, N Europe, US, Canada |
Atherosclerosis non-modifiable risk factors | increasing age, male gender, family history |
Atherosclerosis modifiable risk factors | hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, inactivity |
Ideal LDL:HDL ratio | 4:1 |
Lipoprotein Lp(A) | correlation between this lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease |
Insudation/Infiltration Hypothesis | hypothesis that components of atherosclerotic lesion are derived from blood constituents |
Encrustation/Thrombogenic hypothesis | hypothesis that plaques evolved from thrombi bound to the walls |
Metabolic deficiency hypothesis | hypothesis that accumulation of cholesterol esters in lysosomes in smooth muscle cause plaques |
"Diet Heart Hypothesis" | hypothesis that hypercholesterolemia (from food) causes vascular injury; mostly LDL |
Vascular reaction to endothelial injury hypothesis | hypothesis focusing on smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to injury; release of PDGF |
Macrophage hypothesis | hyp that macrophage is source of mitogen to induce smooth muscle cell proliferation; oxidized lipoproteins create lipid accumulation |
Monoclonal hypothesis | hp that virus or carcinogen responsible for plaques; herpes mRNA detected in plaques |
3 most significant hemodynamic factors in atherogenesis | pressure, turbulence, eddies |
Homocystinuria | high lvls of circulating homocysteine; develope extensive atheroma when young, does not involve coronary arteries; associated with low folate and vit B |
Chlamydia pneumonia | found in atherosclerotic plaques; ABs do not reduce atherosclerosis |
False aneurysm | damaged intima and media; only adventitia |
Thrombophlebitis | venous thrombosis associated with acute inflammation of the affected vein |
Phlebothrombosis | venous thrombosis not associated with inflammation |
Varicose veins | caused from increased venous pressure; pregnancy, obesity, thrombophlebitis; stasis dermatitis |
Lymphangitis | caused by bacteria (Strep A); red stripes running along an extremity |
Lymphedema | compromise of lymphatic drainage; causes include cervical cancer, filariasis, iatrogenic (mastectomy), Milroy's (congenital) |
List benign vascular tumors | spider telangiectasia, herediatry, hemorrhagic telangiectasia, hemangioma, glomangioma, cystic hygroma |
spider telangiectasia | dilated small vessel surrounded by radiating channels; assoc with hyperestrinism |
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia | Osler-Weber-Rendu syn; autosomal dominant, convolution of venules and capillaries of skin |
Hemangioma | malformation of larger vessels, most commmon tumor of infancy |
Glomangioma | painful, fingertips, toes, coccyx |
Cystic hygroma | cavernous lymphangioma; neck, axilla |
Angiosarcomas | vascular tumor of skin, muscle, breast, liver; assoc with vinyl chloride exposure or radiation |
Kaposi's sarcoma | malignant vascular tumor; associated with AIDS and herpes virus |
Bacillary angiomatosis | cuase by Bartonella hensalae; proliferation of small blood vessels in skin, lymph, viscera; assoc with HIV; antibiotics responder |
Polyarteritis Nodosa | immune complex producing vascular injury; assoc with hepatitis; small-medium arteries affected, steroid, cytotoxic chemo therapy |
Temporal (Giant Cell) arteritis | affects 60+, headache, tender arteries, visual disorders; elevated erthrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
Thromboangiitis obliterans | Buerger's Disease, occlusion of vessels due to hypersensitivity to tobacco; ischemia, pain, gangrene; Raynouds phenomenon |
Kawasaki disease | infants under 2; necrotizing arteritis w/ coronary artery, aneurysms; common in asia |
Takayasu's arteritis | pulseless disease; medium-large aa stenosis; involve aortic arch |
Wegener granulomatosis | characteristic lesions of respiratory tract and renal; serum ANCA - anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies |
Mechanisms of primary (essential) hypertension | renal retention of sodium; vasocostriction/hypertrophy |
Endocrine disorders causing secondary hypertension | primary aldosteronism (conn), acromegaly, Cushing's, Pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism |
Characteristics of Malignant hypertension | increased diastolic pressure, dot heme in retina, LV hypertrophy, LV failure |
Raynaud's Disease | IDIOPATHIC 'allergic to cold' vasoconstriction to extremities in response to cold/stress |
Raynaud's Phenomenon | associated with underlying diseases, i.e. scleroderma, lupus, arteriosclerosis, etc |
Familial hypercholesterolemia | autosomal dominant; defect in LDL receptors; increased cholesterol levels; early onset atherosclerosis |