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Vascular Terms
USCSOM: Pathology: blood vessel disease terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Allergic granulomatosis | systemic vasculitis with prominent eosinophilia; young patients with asthma |
| Atherosclerotic aneurysm | infrarenal abdominal aorta |
| Berry/congenital aneurysm | in circle of Willis branches, high mortality |
| Type A Aortic dissection | involves ascending arota; cardiac tamponade, high mortaility rate |
| Tybe B Aortic dissection | not involving the ascending aorta |
| Dissecting aneurysm | hematoma in the wall of the artery, splitting of the media |
| Angioplasty | dilating of coronary artery by a balloon catheter |
| Angiosarcoma | malignant neoplasm of vessels; mostly subcutaneous, soft tissues |
| hyaline arteriolosclerosis | hyaline thickening, benign nephrosclerosis |
| hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis | onion-skin appearance, accelerated hypertension, malignant nephrosclerosis |
| 3 categories of arteriosclerosis | Mnckeberg's arteriosclerosis, Arteriolosclerosis, Atherosclerosis |
| Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis | medial calcific sclerosis; media of medium-sized aa, small muscular arteries; 'ring-like' calcifications |
| Arteriolosclerosis | affects small arteries and arterioles; hylaine and hyperplastic; assoc with hypertension and DM |
| Atherosclerosis | large and medium aa; disease of arterial intima |
| 2 characteristic lesions of atherosclerosis | fatty streaks, proliverative lesion or intimal cellular mass |
| Morphologic characteristic of fibrofatty plaque | fibrous cap, grumous lipid core |
| Common site of plaque build-up | bifurcations, carotid, renal, iliac |
| Highest geographic incidence of cardiovascular disease | Finland, GB, N Europe, US, Canada |
| Atherosclerosis non-modifiable risk factors | increasing age, male gender, family history |
| Atherosclerosis modifiable risk factors | hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, inactivity |
| Ideal LDL:HDL ratio | 4:1 |
| Lipoprotein Lp(A) | correlation between this lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease |
| Insudation/Infiltration Hypothesis | hypothesis that components of atherosclerotic lesion are derived from blood constituents |
| Encrustation/Thrombogenic hypothesis | hypothesis that plaques evolved from thrombi bound to the walls |
| Metabolic deficiency hypothesis | hypothesis that accumulation of cholesterol esters in lysosomes in smooth muscle cause plaques |
| "Diet Heart Hypothesis" | hypothesis that hypercholesterolemia (from food) causes vascular injury; mostly LDL |
| Vascular reaction to endothelial injury hypothesis | hypothesis focusing on smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to injury; release of PDGF |
| Macrophage hypothesis | hyp that macrophage is source of mitogen to induce smooth muscle cell proliferation; oxidized lipoproteins create lipid accumulation |
| Monoclonal hypothesis | hp that virus or carcinogen responsible for plaques; herpes mRNA detected in plaques |
| 3 most significant hemodynamic factors in atherogenesis | pressure, turbulence, eddies |
| Homocystinuria | high lvls of circulating homocysteine; develope extensive atheroma when young, does not involve coronary arteries; associated with low folate and vit B |
| Chlamydia pneumonia | found in atherosclerotic plaques; ABs do not reduce atherosclerosis |
| False aneurysm | damaged intima and media; only adventitia |
| Thrombophlebitis | venous thrombosis associated with acute inflammation of the affected vein |
| Phlebothrombosis | venous thrombosis not associated with inflammation |
| Varicose veins | caused from increased venous pressure; pregnancy, obesity, thrombophlebitis; stasis dermatitis |
| Lymphangitis | caused by bacteria (Strep A); red stripes running along an extremity |
| Lymphedema | compromise of lymphatic drainage; causes include cervical cancer, filariasis, iatrogenic (mastectomy), Milroy's (congenital) |
| List benign vascular tumors | spider telangiectasia, herediatry, hemorrhagic telangiectasia, hemangioma, glomangioma, cystic hygroma |
| spider telangiectasia | dilated small vessel surrounded by radiating channels; assoc with hyperestrinism |
| Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia | Osler-Weber-Rendu syn; autosomal dominant, convolution of venules and capillaries of skin |
| Hemangioma | malformation of larger vessels, most commmon tumor of infancy |
| Glomangioma | painful, fingertips, toes, coccyx |
| Cystic hygroma | cavernous lymphangioma; neck, axilla |
| Angiosarcomas | vascular tumor of skin, muscle, breast, liver; assoc with vinyl chloride exposure or radiation |
| Kaposi's sarcoma | malignant vascular tumor; associated with AIDS and herpes virus |
| Bacillary angiomatosis | cuase by Bartonella hensalae; proliferation of small blood vessels in skin, lymph, viscera; assoc with HIV; antibiotics responder |
| Polyarteritis Nodosa | immune complex producing vascular injury; assoc with hepatitis; small-medium arteries affected, steroid, cytotoxic chemo therapy |
| Temporal (Giant Cell) arteritis | affects 60+, headache, tender arteries, visual disorders; elevated erthrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
| Thromboangiitis obliterans | Buerger's Disease, occlusion of vessels due to hypersensitivity to tobacco; ischemia, pain, gangrene; Raynouds phenomenon |
| Kawasaki disease | infants under 2; necrotizing arteritis w/ coronary artery, aneurysms; common in asia |
| Takayasu's arteritis | pulseless disease; medium-large aa stenosis; involve aortic arch |
| Wegener granulomatosis | characteristic lesions of respiratory tract and renal; serum ANCA - anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies |
| Mechanisms of primary (essential) hypertension | renal retention of sodium; vasocostriction/hypertrophy |
| Endocrine disorders causing secondary hypertension | primary aldosteronism (conn), acromegaly, Cushing's, Pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism |
| Characteristics of Malignant hypertension | increased diastolic pressure, dot heme in retina, LV hypertrophy, LV failure |
| Raynaud's Disease | IDIOPATHIC 'allergic to cold' vasoconstriction to extremities in response to cold/stress |
| Raynaud's Phenomenon | associated with underlying diseases, i.e. scleroderma, lupus, arteriosclerosis, etc |
| Familial hypercholesterolemia | autosomal dominant; defect in LDL receptors; increased cholesterol levels; early onset atherosclerosis |
Created by:
jlellerm
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