Question | Answer |
Immunoglobulins | blind with specific antigen in the antigen-antibody response. they are secreted by plasma cells |
plasma cell | are specialized white blood cells that produce antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens. |
Lymphocytes
lymph/o means lymph
cytes/ means cell | white blood cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells |
B Cells
B lymphocytes | are effective against viruses and bacteria circulating in the blood /when a B cell is confronted with the antigen is transforms into a Plasma B cell |
Dendritic Cells | white blood cell that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections, when such a cell is found the dendritic cells grab, swallow, and internally break apart that captured antigen |
T cells
T lymphocytes | contribute to the immune defense by coordinating immune defenses and by killing infected cells on contact /T cells produce interferon and lymphokines |
interferon | family of proteins whose specialty is fighting viruses by blowing or stopping their multiplication. |
Lymphokines | direct antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system / lymphokines attract macrophages ti the infected site and prepare them to attack |
macrophage
macro/ means large
-phage / means a cell that eats | white blood cell that surround and kills invading cells. They also remove dead cells |
phagocyte
phag/ means eat; or swallow
cyte / means cell | large white blood cells that can destroy substance such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis - to destroy, pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them |
Complement | group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form they them mark these foreigh invaders and attracts phagocytes to destroy the antigens |
immunity | is the state of being resistant to a specific disease. |
Natural immunity | passed from the mother to her fetus; last only a short time |
passive immunity | is passed from the mother to her child through her breast milk. |
acquired immunity
also known as active immunity | is the production of antibodies against a specific antigen by th immune system either by contracting an infectious disease ; chickenpox, or by vaccination against a disease such as polio |
Vaccination
also known as immunization | is preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease causing organisms which have been killed or weakend |
allergic reaction | occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader |
allergy
also known as hypersensitivity | is an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen |
localized allergic response
known as cellular response | includes redness, itching, burning where the skin has come into contact with the allergen |
systemic reaction
or anaphylaxis shock | is a severe response to an allergen; without medical care a patient could die |
scratch test | is a diagnostic test to identify common allergens such as; tree pollen, ragweed; swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction |
Antihistamines | are medications to relieve or prevent the symptoms of types of allergies; hay fever etc |
histamine | is a substance produced by the body that causes itching sneezing, runny nose; allergic reaction |
autoimmune disorder
also known as autoimmune disease | large group of diseases in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues; appears to be genetically transmitted and predominantly occurs in women during the childbearing years |
immunodeficiency disorder | happens when the immune system is compromised; weakened, reduced, absent, or not functioning properly |
human immunodeficiency virus
or HIV | is a blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the cells of the immune system; leaving the body at rish of developing many infections |
opportunistic infections | is caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans; but when the host is debilitated many opportunistic infections can develop |
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
also known as AIDS | is the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection |
Kaposi's sarcoma | This cancer cause patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, lining of mouth,nose,throat and other organs is an example of an opportunistic
infection that is associated with HIV |
Elisa | blood test to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies |
Western Blot | blood test that produces more accurate results than the Elisa |
Immunotherapy
Immun/o/therapy | is a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response |
Synthetic Immunoglobulins | is used a a postexposure preventive measure against certain viruses, example: rabies and some types of hepatitis / postexposure means the patient has been exposed to the virus. |
Synthetic interferon | used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers |
Monoclonal antibodies | are any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. |
Pathogen | is a microorganism that causes a disease in humans. |
microorganism | is a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope |
Pathogenic | means capable of producing disease |
Bacteria | are one=celled microscopic organisms |
Bacilli | are rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria; tetanus is caused by bacillus/ tetanus is known as lockjaw |
rickettsia | is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas,ticks and mites; Rocky Mountain spotted fever rickettsia |
spirochetes | are spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement; lyme disease |
Staphylococci | are a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes; reside normally on the skin and mucous; |
staphylococcus aureus | is a form of staphylococci that commonly infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or produces food poisoning / toxic shock can be fatal |
streptococci | they form a chain; many species are harmless; they causes strep throat, meningitis, |
septic shock | is a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body |
antibiotic resistant bacteria | known as the supper bug; develop when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria it targets |
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus | known as MRSA is resistant to most antibiotics |
fungus | is a simple parasitic organism also known as athlete's foot |
Yeast | is a type of Candidiasis is known as a yeast infection or thrush |
parasite | is a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism; malaria contracted by a mosquitoes |
toxoplasmosis | is most commonly transmitted from animals to humans by contact with contaminated feces. |
Viruses | are very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells |
Herpes zoster | also known as shingles |
infectious mononucleosis | known as mono is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus |
measles | is an acute, highly contagious infection caused by the rubeola virus and transmitted by respiratory droplets |
mumps | is an acute viral disease / swelling of the parotid glands (salivary glands) |
rubella | known as German measles it is a viral infection |
MMR | is a vaccination to prevent measles, mumps, rubella |
rabies | is an acute viral infection that is commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal. |
varicella | known as chickenpox is caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster and is highly contagious |
West Nile virus | is spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito |
cytomegalovirus
cyt/o/megal/o/virus | is a member of the herpes virus family; found in body fluids; silent infection; transmitted to baby from mother |
antibiotics
anti/bio/tic | are medication that are capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms |
bactericide
bacteri / cide | substance that causes the death of bacteria;
antibiotics include penicillin's and cephalosporins |
bacteriostatic
bacteri/o/static | is an agent that slows or stops the growth of bacteria; tetracycline, sulfonamide and erythromycin |
antifungal
anti/fungal | is an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi |
antiviral drug
anti/viral | is used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity |
Oncology
onc/ology | is the study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer |
tumor | also known as neoplasm; is a growth of tissue that forms an abnormal mass |
benign tumor | is not life threatening; is a noncancerous growth; |
myoma
my/oma | is a benign tumor made up of muscles tissue |
malignant tumor | is harmful capable of spreading to distant body sites |
myocarcoma
my/o/carc/oma | is a malignant tumor derived form muscle tissue |
angiogenesis
angi/o/genesis | this tumor supports its own blood supply |
antiangiogenesis
anti/angi/o/genesis | is a form of treatment that disrupts this blood supply to the tumor |
Cancer | is a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissue |
metastasize | spreads from one place to another; moves form primary site and spreads to a secondary site |
metastasis
meta/stasis | is a new cancer site that results from the spreading process |
carcinoma
carcin/oma | is a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue |
carcinoma in situ | describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues. |
adenocarcinoma
aden/o/carcin/oma | is any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue. |
sarcoma
sarc/oma | is a malignancy tumor that arises form connective tissues, including hard tissues, soft tissues, liquid tissues |
hard tissue sarcomas | arise from bone or cartilage; bone, pelvis,knee example: osteoscarcoma is a malignant tumor of the bone |
soft tissue sarcomas | 2.arises from tissues from muscle, connective tissues; tendons,blood,lymphatic vessels, nerves and fat; synovial sarcoma is a malignant tumor of the tissue surrounding the synovial joint |
liquid tissue sarcomas | arise from blood and lymph; example is leukemia |
staging | is the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed |
lymphoma
lymph/oma | is a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues |
professional palpation of the breast | is performed to feel the texture, size, and consitency of the breast |
mammography
mamm/o/graphy | radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors cells |
surgical biopsy
bi/opsy | is the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis |
needle breast biopsy | is a technique in which an x-ray guided needle is use to remove small samples of tissue from the breast |
sentinel-node biopsy | sentinel node is the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells |
lymph mode dissection | is a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph noes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer |
lumpectomy | is the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue and a surrounding margin of normal tissue |
mastectomy
mast/ectomy | is the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple |
modified radical mastectomy | is the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes |
radical mastectomy | is the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues |
chemotherapy | is the use of chemical agents and drugs in combination's selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues |
chemoprevention | is the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the risk of recurring cancer |
antineopalstic
anti/ne/o/plast/ic | is medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells |
cyotoxic drugs | are used for immumosuppression and chemotherapy |
radiation therapy | is used in the treatment of some cancers, goal is to destroy the cancer while sparing healthy tissues |
teletherapy
tele/therapy | is radiation administered at a distance from the body |