Question | Answer |
Rule by divine right | Monarchs believed they were God's chosen representatives on earth |
Charles V | Known as Holy Roman Emperor; wanted all to be Catholic; declared Luther an outlaw |
Philip II | Ruled during Golden Age of Spain; devout Catholic; launched Spanish Armada |
Spanish Armada | Fleet of Spanish ships that attempted to invade England |
Most important reason Spain declined in the 1600s | Held on to feudalism |
French Protestants | Huguenots |
Belief of French monarchs | One King, One Law, One Religion |
Henry IV | Converts to Catholicism in order to become King |
Edict of Nantes | Issued by Henry IV to guarantee religious tolerance for Protestants |
Louis XIII | Ruler of France who moved against Huguenots, weakened power of nobles and involved France in Thirty Years War |
Louis XIV | Most powerful ruler of France; known as Sun King; built Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes |
Louis XVI | French king who was overthrown and beheaded during French Revolution |
Henry VIII | King of England; Act of Supremacy named him head of the Church of England |
Mary I | Queen of England; married Philip II of Spain; persecuted Protestants; Bloody Mary |
Elizabeth I | Queen of England; established Protestantism in England; defeated Spanish Armada |
James I | King of England; didn't like Puritans, but published English version of Bible |
Charles I | King of England; forced to sign Petition of Rights to limit power, but then ignored it; English Civil War; found guilty for treason and executed |
Cromwell | Lord protector of England; abolished monarchy and Parliament and established a commonwealth; promoted Puritan morality |
Thomas Hobbes | Wrote Leviathan; argued that people needed an absolute monarch to tell them how to live because people are naturally selfish and fearful |
Charles II | Restored monarchy to England; Restoration; passed writ of habeas corpus |
writ of habeas corpus | Guarantees rights to people accused of crimes |
James II | Catholic King of England; dissolved Parliament; replaced during Glorious Revolution |
William and Mary | Established a constitutional monarchy; Parliament passed Bill of Rights to limit royal power |
Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible | Czar of Russia; seized power from boyars; had private army who killed those who questioned his decisions |
Peter I or Peter the Great | Westernized Russia; began social reform; built St. Petersburg |
Catherine II or Catherine the Great | Married Peter III, but had him killed in order to rule; added Alaska as a Russian territory |