Question | Answer |
Oxygenated blood flows through the _______________ _____________. | pulmonary veins |
The hepatic vein carries blood from the vena cava to the ____________. | Liver |
The heart is positioned in the mediastinum : | Between the lungs, superior to the diaphragm. |
The pericardial space is found between ___________ and the _____________pericardium. | Visceral and parietal pericardium. |
The QRS complex of the EKG represents ___________________ depolarization. | Ventricular |
Compared with arteries, veins: have a ________ diameter. | larger diameter |
Another name for the mitral valve is the __________ valve. | Bicuspid |
Backflow of the blood from the arteries into the relaxing ventricles is prevented by the _________ valves. | Semiluminar |
In pulmonary circulation, blood flows from right ventricle, thru the pulmonary veins to the ____________ | Lungs |
During relaxation or _______________________, blood fills the chambers. | Diastole |
In __________________, the heart contracts and forces blood from the chamber into the pulmonary or systemic circulation. | Systole |
True or False? The blood within the heart chambers supplies oxygen and other nutrients to the cells of the heart. | False |
True or False? Blood flows from a higher pressure area toward a lower pressure area. | True |
Normally, electrical impulses arise in the __________________ node called the pacemaker of the heart. | Sinoatrial node. |
In pulmonary circulation, blood flows from the lungs, thru the pulmonary arteries to the left ________________. | Atrium |
A tubular network that permits blood to flow from the heart to all living cells of the body and then back to the heart. | Blood vessels |
A 4-chambered, double pump in the body | Heart |
The path of the blood from the heart, through to the lungs and back completes one circuit called the ___________________ circulation. | Pulmonary |
The upper 2 chambers of the heart that receive venous blood | Atria |
The lower 2 chambers of the heart, the right and left ventricles pump blood into the the _____________ system. | Arterial |
The _____________ skeleton located between the atria and ventricles of the heart is a layer of dense connective tissue. | Fibrous |
The chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood out to the body. | Left ventricle |
Oxygen rich blood is supplied by the aorta to arterial branches supplying the organ systems and is part of the ______________ circulation. | Systemic |
The 3 flapped AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. | Triscupid |
Blood that drains back into the systemic veins is partially depleted in ______________ but increased in carbon dioxide content. | Oxygen |
The superior and inferior ____________ ______________ return oxygen poor blood back to the right atrium. | Vena Cavae |
Atria depolarization creates the ____ waves. | P-waves |
ECG or EKG | Electrocardiogram |
The atrioventricular bundle is also called the __________ __ ______ and begins at the top of the interventricular septum. | Bundle of His |
The effect of the massaging action of skeletal muscles on venous blood flow. | Skeletal muscle pump |
A cardiac rate less than 60 beats per minute. | Bradycardia |
A cardiac rate greater than 100 beats per minute. | Tachycardia |
The ______ fibers transmit the electrical impulse into the ventricular muscle and cause it to contract. | Purkinje |
Blood is ejected from the ventricles until the pressure within them falls below the pressure in the ________________. | Arteries |
Closing of the AV valve produces the first heart sound or_______ at systole. | Lub |
The second heart sound or "dub" is produced in _____________. | Diastole |
____________ and veins contain 3 layers: intima, media and externa. | Arteries |
The ventricles contract at systole to close the ___ valves | AV |
Changes in the cardiac rate primarily reflect changes in the duration of systole or diastole. | Diastole |
The approximate size of the heart is the size of a _____. | Fist |
Middle muscular layer | Myocardium |
Returns blood from the head, arms and upper body to heart | Superior vena cava |
The largest artery in the body. It transports oxygenated blood to entire body. | Aorta |
Where is the AV node located | floor of the R atrium |
Required for the production of Prothrombin and clotting factors VII, Ix, & X. Synthesis of components for clotting. | Vitamin K |
Deficiency of vitamin K can cause | Bleeding disorder |
5 types of ________________ vessels exist in the heart | Blood vessels |
Veins, arteries, capillaries, arterioles, venules | Types of blood vessels |
small veins | venules |
Small branch of artety leading to the capillaries | arterioles |
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules | Capillaries |
They are responsible for returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart after arteries carry blood out | Veins |
the largest vein | Vena cava |
large blood vessels that receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drain into the left atrium of the heart. | Pulmonary Veins |
The outer layer of the vein is connective tissue called | tunica adventitia or or tunica externa |
The middle layer of smooth muscle called of the vein | tunica media |
rhythmic pulses of blood thru the arteries | Pulse |
blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body thru | arteries |
The mechanisms that facilitate capillary exchange | diffusion, transcytosis ,bulk flow ( filtration & Reabsorption) |
The 3 types of capillaries | Fenesetroids, sinusoids, and continuous |
Possess small windows or pores in the endothelium, found in the kidneys, small intestines, brain and endocrine glands. | Fenesteroids |
larger, winding capillaries and have very large clefts, found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen and endocrine glands. | Sinusoids |
Plasma membrane forms a continuous tube interrupted only by clefts between the endothelial cells | Continuous capillaries |
This system assures the slowdown of blood for absorption. Blood flows thru the capillary network into a portal vein. | Portal system |
Where the WBCs leave the blood, very porous and receive blood from the capillaries | Venules |
Veins in the limbs possess these... | Valves |
Baglike vein | Venus Sinuses |
Most tissue of the body receive blood from more than one artery via an ... | Anastomosis |
Percentage of blood in the systemic capillaries at ret | 7% |
Percentage of blood in the heart at rest | 7% |
Percentage of blood in the systemic veins and venules at rest. | 64% |
Percentage of blood in the pulmonary vessels | 9% |
Percentage of blood in the systemic arteries and arterioles | 13% |
Involves the movement of a vesicle in through 1 side of the cell and out the other side. | Transcytosis |
Most important method of capillary exchange. Simple occurs from areas of high to low. | Diffusion |
Cannot diffuse in capillary diffusion because they are too large. | RBCs and proteins |
A passive process in capillary exchange. Involves the passing of molecules in fluids from areas of high to low.. filtration | Bulk flow |
Large lipid insoluble molecules like insulin enter the blood stream via this type of exchange | Transcytosis |
passive and depends on concentration gradient. Movement of materials from liquids from interstitial fluids back into the blood. | Reabsorption |
Stroke volume times heart rate | cardiac output |
Blood flows from regions of ___________ pressure to regions of ____________ pressure | High, low |
The lower the pressure difference the greater the blood flow. True or false | False |
Blood pressure is highest in the aorta and elastic arteries and lower in the capillaries and venules. True or False | True |
Systolic BP | 110mm Hg |
Diastolic BP | 70mmHg |
Blood pressure rises if blood volume increases or decreases if volume drops+ True or False | True |
The blood vessels in the circulatory system | Vasa Vasorum |
the innermost wall of the arteries; layer of elastic tissue | Tunica interna or intima |
In capillary networks found between the network and the arterioles; at the arterial end possess scattered smooth tissue | Metarterioles |
Thoroughfare channel is formed by this | Metarterioles |
The job of __________________ is to exchange materials with the interstitial fluids surrounding cells | Capillaries |
The most important method of capillary exchange, important for solute exchange. | Diffusion |
TRANSPORTS, REGULATES AND PROTECTS | FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD |
A dense liquid thicker than water. | Blood |
Normal temperature of blood | 100.4 F |
Blood comprises what percentage of body mass | 8% |
Blood has 2 primary components | Formed elements and blood plasma |
Approximate percentage of formed elements | 45% |
Percentage of blood plasma that is water | 90-92% |
Red blood cells, white blood cells and __________________ are the formed elements of blood | Platelets |
Consist of 3 grandular leukocytes and 2 agranular leukocytes | White blood cells |
monocytes and T&B lymphocytes | Angrandular leukocytes |
neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils | Granular leukocytes |
formation of blood | homopoiesis/hematopoiesis |
Regulates the # of platelets and RBCs | Negative feedback |
It's regulation depends on the circumstances of the body | WBCs |
The site of hematopoiesis beginning at birth and continuing throughout life. | Red bone marrow |
About 1% of the cells of the marrow are derived from ____________________ and are pluripotent stem cells | Mesenchyme |
Cells with the ability to differentiate into themselves and into cells that give rise to blood cells | Stem Cells |
T or F. Once blood cells are produced in the red marrow, they do not divide...with the exception of white blood cells. | True |
Divided into 2 types of stem cells: myeloid and lymphoid | Pluripotent stem cells |
Originate in the red marrow & hormone play a large role in hemopoiesis | Myeloid stem cells |
Give rise to lymphocytes and begin life in the red marrow but complete differentiation in the lymph tissue | Lymphoid Stem Cells |
Red blood cells. biconcave in shape and live for about 120 days | Erythrocytes |
Lack a nucleus and other organelles and carry some antigens which account for ABO blood typing | Erythrocytes |
Oxygen carrying machines. Do not use the oxygen they transport. | RBCs |
# of oxygen molecules a heme can carry | 4 oxygen molecules |
Transports about 23% of the CO2 | Heme molecule |
cellular oxygen deficiency | hypoxia |
causes the kidney to speed up production of erythropoietin | Hypoxia |
Large round cells that stain red with visible nucleus | Eosinophils |
Large round cells that stain purple, nucleus is bi-lobed | Basophils |
Nucleus usually has 5 lobes and the chromatin strands connecting the lobes is thin; stain purple | Neutrophils |
T or F: All WBCs and all nucleated cells of the body possess major histocompatability antigens on their plasma membranes | True |
A decrease in the # of WBCs | Leukopenia |
process whereby wbcs stick to the endothelium then squeeze between the endothelial cells | Diapedesis/emigration |
Contain many vesicles inside a plasma membrane but no nucleus | Blood platelets |
Develop from myeloid stem cells under the hormone...thrombopoietin | blood plates/thrombocytes |
A series of events which stop bleeding/hemorrhage | hemastosis |
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and blood clotting or coagulation | 3 mechanisms that reduce blood flow |
3 stages if clotting formation include the extrinsic, intrinsic and _______________ pathways | Common |
Outside pathway that occurs in the blood and in the presence of Ca, tissue factors forms/ activates factor x | Extrinsic pathway |
In the extrinsic pathway, Factor X in the presence of Ca activates and forms Factor ______ | Factor V |
Factor V in the presence of Ca, forms and activates ________________. | Prothrombinase |
Pathway that is eventually Factor XII activted | Intrinsic Pathway |
Pathway that begins with the formation of Prothrombinase | Common Pathway |
Thrombin + Calcium converts ___________________ to insoluble fibrin threads. | Fibrinogen |
Helps to activate Factor XIII which serves to strengthen the fibrin and help form a strong blood clot. | Thrombin |
T or F. Platelets also contribute to the building of a strong clot because the release some factor XIII when they are trapped in the clot | True |
Can activate factor V and can cause platelets to congregate and to release phospholipids | 2 Positive feedback mechanisms for Thrombin |
The formation of fibrin clot plugs the blood vessels or the tightening of the fibrin clot | Clot retraction |
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