Question | Answer |
List 4 potential causes of dysphagia | Stroke, Parkinsons disease, MS, mouth/oesophageal cancer |
What is dysphagia? | Inability or difficulty swallowing |
Which muscle forms the floor of the mouth? | Mylohyoid |
What is the vestibule? | The area between the lips and teeth |
What is the oral cavity? | The area behind the teeth and gums anterior to the oropharynx |
What are gingivae? | Gums |
Which nerves supply teeth and gums? | Superior and inferior alveolar nerves |
Which ligament anchors teeth into their sockets (alveoli)? | Periodontal ligaments |
What vessel supplies blood to the tongue? | Lingual artery |
What vessel drains blood from the tongue? | Lingual vein |
Where does all lymph from the tongue drain to? | Deep cervical nodes |
Which epithelium covers the tongue and palate? | Non-keratinised squamous |
Which nerves supply motor innervation to the tongue? | Hypoglossal (CN XII) |
Which nerve carries taste information from the tongue to the brain? | Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve (CN VII) and glossopharyngeal (CN IX) |
What is deglutition? | Swallowing |
What happens in the third stage of swallowing? | A wave of peristalsis moves bolus down the oesophagus |
Which artery supplies blood to the palate? | Branches of maxillary artery |
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the palate? | Maxillary division of CN V2 |
Which nerves supply motor innervation to the palate? | Pharyngeal plexus |
Which group of muscles elevate the larynx? | Suprahyoid muscles |
Which muscles are part of the suprahyoid group? | Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, digastrics |
Which group of muscles depress the larynx? | Infrahyoid muscles |
Which muscles are part of the infrahyoid group? | Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothryoid, thyrohyoid |
Where is the nerve supply to the pharynx derived from? | The pharyngeal plexus |
Where is the opening of the parotid duct? | The hard palate |
Where does the submandibular duct/Wherton duct open? | Either side of the lingual frenulum |
Where is the opening of the sublingual duct? | Beneath the tongue (also known as the ducts of Rivinus) |
Which nerves pass through the parotid gland? | Facial and great auricular nerves |
Which arteries pass through the parotid gland? | External carotid, superior temporal and maxillary arteries |
Which vein passes though the parotid gland? | Retromandibular vein |
Where is the first oesophageal narrowing? | Cricopharyngeal sphincter (C5) |
Where is the second oesophageal narrowing? | Aortic arch |
Where is the third oesophageal narrowing? | L main bronchus |
Where is the fourth oesophageal narrowing? | Gastrooesophageal junction / cardiac sphincter |
What are rugae? | Folds in the stomach mucosa |
List 4 differentials for indigestion | IBS, hiatial hernia, gall stones, peptic ulcer disease |
At which vertebral level does the oesophagus begin? | C6 |
What type is the oesophageal epithelium? | Stratified squamous |
Which region of the mediastinum does the oesophagus pass through? | Posterior mediastinum |
What are the anterior relations of the stomach? | Anterior abdominal wall |
What are the posterior relations of the stomach? | Spleen, kidney, pancreas, transverse colon |
What are the superior relations of the stomach? | Diaphragm |
What is the oesophageal blood supply (in descending order)? | Inferior thyroid artery, branch of thoracic aorta, left gastric artery |
Where does oesophageal lymph drain to? | Posterior mediastinal and left gastric nodes |
Where do the veins carrying blood from the stomach drain to? | Portal system |
Where does lymph from the stomach drain to? | Coeliac nodes |