Term | Definition |
24-hour urine specimen | -determines filtration rate of kidneys
-first thing in the morning is the start time
-first void is discarded
-note the time
-do not void directly into container |
clean-catch mid-stream | -detects UTIs
-must use sterile container
-clean urethra area well (3 cloths)
-label container before test
-start to urinate in toilet, then stop
-urinate into the container |
3 reasons for urinalysis | 1. routine evaluation
2. diagnostic purposes
3. monitor course of treatment |
MA's role | -collect
-store
-process for testing
-labeling |
random sample | -most commonly used collection process
-can be collected at any time during the day
-a non-sterile container can be used |
morning specimen - first void | -most concentrated sample
-bring to office within 30 min |
when to refrigerate urine | any specimen not tested within 30 minutes |
two-hour postprandial | -used to screen and look at renal thresh hold
-collected 2 hours after a meal |
Catheterization specimens | 1. foley - used for collecting over long periods of time
2. straight - used for one-time specimen collections |
physical characteristics | 1. appearance
2. color
3. odor
4. quantity |
appearance | urine can be clear, cloudy, or turbid (doesn't allow light to pass thru) |
color | -normal is straw or pale yellow.
-can range from clear (on diuretics or too hydrated), bright yellow (high vit B), orange (meds for bladder spasms), red/brown (uti, menses), brown/black (serious illness), and blue/green (meds) |
odor | -any abnormal odor should be noted
-odors include: ammonia (urine breakdown), fruity (fat metabolism or glucose), and foul (infection) |
quantity (volume) | -measured for timed specimens
-24-hour amount = 700-2000 mL with average of 1500mL |
chemical characteristics | -specific gravity
-pH
-protein
-glucose
hematuria (blood)
-ketones
-bilirubin
-urobilinogen
-nitrates
-leukocytes |
specific gravity | -estimates the concentration of urine |
pH | -normal is 4.6 - 7.9, usually around 6.0 |
protein, glucose, hematuria, keytones, bilirubin, and nitrates | -not normally found in urine
-presence indicates infection or problem |
urobilinogen | -usually found in small quantities
-indicated RBC destruction |
nitrates | -increase indicates bacteria in urine - UTI |
leukocytes (WBCs) | -very few found
-increase indicates UTI |
refractometer | usually used in Urology office |
testing urine w reagent strips | -after dipping strip, hold strip on its side so each cell doesn't drip into the next one and contaminate results
-compare strip to colors on container which indicate results |
reagent tablet testing | -verifies presence of glucose
-liquid boils, so do not hold tube, use test-tube rack |
microscopic examination | -not CLIA-waived, must be performed by the Provider |
preparing urine for microscopic exam | -pour fresh urine into tube
-centrifuge
-pour of supernatant
-sediment remains
-stain remains to better contrast the formed elements present |
supernatant | lighter liquid on top of urine sample after centrifuging |
sediment | solid material left on bottom of tube after centrifuging |
urine pregnancy test | -perform hand hygiene
-gather supplies
-label test
-label / perform control
-complete and time test according to pkg directions
-read and record results
-document qc in log
-dispose of supplies
-wash hands |
drug analysis | -bathroom prep is most important step
-follow chain of custody (important b/c the testing is accurate and there is no tampering with specimen)
-prepare pt. |
quality control | necessary for accurate results |