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The Nervous System

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Created by: willowsalem

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Question	Answer
Nerve cells are AKA	neurons.
The axon is the portion of a neuron that	carries impulses from one neuron to the next.
The axon is surrounded by a protective lipoprotein called	myelin sheaths.
The myelin sheaths allow nerve impulses to travel at	200 miles/second.
Unmyelinated nerve impulses travel at	0.5 meter/second.
A degenerative nerve disease caused by a degradation of the myelin sheaths is called	multiple sclerosis (MS).
CNS stands for	central nervous system.
The CNS is made up of the	brain and spinal cord.
The brain makes ____________ calculations/second to maintain body functions.	100 trillion
The brain contains	100,000,000,000 neurons.
The PNS stands for	peripheral nervous system.
The PNS is made up of	all the nerves except the brain and spinal cord.
The PNS is made up of	1. Sensory neurons AKA afferent neurons. 2. Motor neurons AKA efferent neurons.
Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit changes in the environment to the brain for	interpretation.
Changes in the environment are called	stimuli.
Motor (efferent) neurons transmit commands from the brain to the	muscles to facilitate movement.
Smooth voluntary muscle movements are greatly influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter	dopamine.
A disease caused by a deficiency of dopamine is called	Parkinson’s disease (PD).
The ANS stands for	autonomic nervous system.
The ANS is considered	involuntary (reflex).
These reflexes include:	coughing, choking, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
The ANS is subdivided into the	1. Sympathetic division AKA “fight or flight reactions.” 2. The parasympathetic division.
The sympathetic division uses a neurotransmitter (chemical) called	norepinephrine (NE) to transmit impulses.
The parasympathetic division uses a neurotransmitter called	acetylcholine (Ach) to transmit impulses.
The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations (“rest and digest”) and includes:	a. Digestive processes. b. Reproductive processes. c. Eupnea. d. Normal heart rate (HR).
Changes that occur during the sympathetic (“fight or flight”) response are:	a. Tachycardia. b. Tachypnea. c. Bronchodilation. d. Pupillary dilation. e. Pallor due to shunting of blood from the periphery to the large muscles of the arms and legs, brain, heart, and lungs.
The largest part of the brain is called the	cerebrum.
The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the	cerebral cortex.
The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves called	hemispheres.
These hemispheres are connected and communicate by the	corpus callosum.
Sections of the brain are called	lobes.
The frontal lobe controls:	1. Voluntary muscle function. 2. Moods. 3. Aggression. 4. Smell reception (olfactory). 5. Motivation.
The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as:	1. Touch. 2. Pain. 3. Balance. 4. Taste. 5. Temperature.
The temporal lobes evaluate:	1. Hearing input. 2. Smell. 3. Memory. 4. Judgment.
The occipital lobe functions in receiving and interpreting	visual input.
Depression, migraines, anxiety, appetite, sexuality, and bipolar disorder are influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter	serotonin.
The second largest portion of the brain is called the	cerebellum.
The cerebellum is located at the	posterior base of the brain.
The cerebellum functions as a reflex center for	coordination and balance.
The brain stem consists of the:	1. Medulla oblongata. 2. Pons Varolii. 3. Midbrain.
The medulla and pons are responsible for controlling:	1. Consciousness and arousal. 2. Regulation of diameter of blood vessels (BP). 3. Heart rate (HR). 4. Ventilation (breathing).
The midbrain acts as the connection between the	cerebrum and the spinal cord.
The thalamus is the	principal relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex.
The hypothalamus controls:	1. The pituitary gland. 2. Feelings of rage and aggression. 3. Body temperature. 4. Thirst. 5. Sleep. 6. Food intake (satiation).
The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the	medulla oblongata.
The length of the spinal cord is approximately	16 -18 inches.
The function of the spinal cord is to	1. Convey sensory impulses from the periphery to the brain. 2. Conduct motor impulses from the brain to the periphery.
Branching off the spinal cord are the	31 paired spinal nerves.
Most spinal nerves exit the vertebral column between the	adjacent vertebrae.
Spinal nerves consist of:	8 cervical pairs. 12 thoracic pairs. 5 lumbar pairs. 5 sacral pairs. 1 coccygeal pair.
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by protective membranes called	meninges.
The outermost meninx is called the	dura mater (tough mother).
The middle meninx is called the	arachnoid membrane (spider layer).
The innermost meninx is called the	pia mater (delicate mother).
Between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane is the	subdural space.
The subdural space contains	serous fluid.
Between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater is the	subarachnoid space.
The subarachnoid space contains	CSF (cerebrospinal fluid).
CSF circulates around the brain and spinal cord through cavities called	ventricles.
The CSF serves as a	shock absorber and circulates nutrients.
The brain has 12 cranial nerves	I. Olfactory(S), II. Optic(S), III. Oculomotor(M),IV. Trochlear(M),V. Trigeminal(B) VI. Abducens (M) VII. Facial (B) VIII. Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) (S) IX. Glossopharyngeal (B) X. Vagus (B) XI. Spinal accessory (M), XII. Hypoglossal (M)