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Sociology Ch. 3
Culture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society | Culture |
| Our biological and genetic makeup | Nature |
| Our social environment | Nurture |
| An unlearned, biologically determined behavior pattern common to all members of a species that predictable occurs whenever certain environmental conditions exist | Instinct |
| An unlearned, biologically determined, involuntary response to some physical stimuli | Reflex |
| Unlearned, biologically determined impulses common to all members of a species that satisfy need such as those for sleep, food, water, or sexual gratification | Drive |
| Consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share | Material Culture |
| The knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skill required to use them after they are developed | Technology |
| Consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society the influence people's behavior such as language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, and political systems | Nonmaterial Culture |
| The entail acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real | Belief |
| Customs and practices that occur across all societies such as appearance, activities, social institutions, and customary practices | Cultural Universals |
| Four common nonmaterial cultural components which contribute to both harmony and strife in a society | Symbols, Language, Values, and Norms |
| Anything that meaningfully represents something else | Symbol |
| A set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another | Language |
| Language shapes the view of reality of its speakers | Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
| Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture | Values |
| Valus that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive | Value Contradictions |
| The values and standards of behavior that people in a society profess to hold | Ideal Culture |
| The values and standards of behavior that people actually follow | Real Culture |
| Established rules of behavior or standards of conduct | Norms |
| State what behavior is appropriate or acceptable | Prescriptive Norms |
| State what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable | Proscriptive Norms |
| Written down and involve specific punishments for violators; most commonly laws; enforced by sanctions | Formal Norms |
| rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior | Sanctions |
| Unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity | Informal Norms |
| Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture | Folkways |
| Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture | Mores |
| Mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable | Taboos |
| Formal, stadardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions | Laws |
| Deals with disputes among persons or groups | Civil Law |
| Deals with public safety and wellbeing | Criminal Law |
| Changes that make a significant difference in many people's lives | New Technology |
| A gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions | Cultural Lag |
| The process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized | Discovery |
| the process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form | Invention |
| The transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another through such means s exploration, war, the media, tourism, and immigration | Diffusion |
| The wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations | Cultural Diversity |
| Include people who share a common culture and who are typically from similar social, religious, political, and economic backgrounds | Homogeneous Society |
| Include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, or race/ethnicity | Heterogeneous Society |
| A category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms, that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture | Subculture |
| A group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles | Counterculture |
| The disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe that they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life | Culture Shock |
| The practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture | Ethnocentrism |
| The belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards | Cultural Relativism |
| Consists of classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences | High Culture |
| Consists of activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes | Popular Culture |
| Views high culture as a device used by the dominant class to exclude the subordinate classes; proposed by Pierre Bourdieu | Cultural Capital Theory |
| People who share similar artistic, recreational, and intellectual interests but are not necessarily members of an organized group | Taste Publics |
| Made up of people who not only share similar tastes but also participate in the same cultural groups or organizations | Taste Cultures |
| A temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large numbers of people | Fad |
| A currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad | Fashion |
| The extensive infusion of one nation's culture into other nations | Cultural Imperialism |
| An integrated system of ideas that is external to, and coerce of, people | Ideology |
| Objects outside ourselves that we purchase to satisfy our human needs or wants | Commodities |
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