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Urinalysis Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major components of urine? | 95% water, Organic means from body,Urea and inorganic- sodium chloride |
| How long can freshly voided urine sit out until it should be refrigerated or preserved? | processed within 1 to 2 hours |
| What is a random urine? | Collected anytime, must be in a clean dry container. Used for complete UA |
| What is a first morning urine? | 1st sample of the morning, most concentrated, Used to check for protein, nitrite, pregnancy and culture |
| What is a clean catch? | Sterile container, used for culture |
| What is a 24 hr specimen? | Discard the first, then collect rest for 24 hrs and first of next morning. Used for creatinine clearance test, hormone levels, total protein |
| What color is urochrome? | normal straw color |
| What color is concentrated? | dark straw |
| What color is dilute? | light straw |
| What color is RBC's | red or red/brown and cloudy |
| What is the urine turbidity of urates? | white or pink precipitate in acid urine |
| What is the urine turbidity of phosphates? | white precipitate in alkaline urine |
| What is the urine turbidity of leukocytes? | milky urine- infection |
| What is the urine turbidity of erythrocytes? | smokey urine |
| What is the urine turbidity of mucus? | fluffy or bulky |
| What odors would you expect from normal urine? | aromatic |
| What odors would you expect from bacterial infection? | putrid- only significant if urine is fresh |
| What happens to the pH of urine when bacteria convert urea to ammonia? | Becomes alkaline- if pH is greater than 8 and urine is fresh= UTI |
| How does knowing the pH help with the microscopic exam? | Helps to Identify crystals |
| How does specific gravity relate to urine color and volume? | large volume= light color= low sp. gr small volume= dark color= high sp gr |
| What could cause a pale urine to have a specific gravity greater than 1.040 | Glucose |
| What is isosthenuria? | fixed at 1.010 |
| What is hyposthenuria? | low sp gr |
| what is hypersthenuria? | high sp gr |
| Define diuresis? | increased urine volume often temporary |
| Define polyuria | Large increase in urine volume consistently |
| Define oliguria | decrease in urine volume |
| Define anuria | no urine output |
| Define nocturia | Urine excretion at night more than 5mL at night |
| What amount of protein is normally found in the urine? | None |
| What does persistent proteinuria indicate? | Renal/Kidney disease |
| What urine sample should be tested for protein? | First morning |
| What are the causes of transient protein? | Strenuous exercise, orthostatic, dehydration, UTI and acute illness with fever |
| What is orthostatic proteinuria? | proetin in the urine when upright and not when lying down |
| In nephritic syndrome when the glomerulus is inflamed, which protein is found in the urine? | Albumin |
| What is the colorimetric protein test? | Dipstick |
| What is the principle behind the colorimetric test? | Protein error of indicatprs |
| What protein is detected by the colorimetric test? | Albumin |
| whatis CLIA'88? | Clinical laboratory improvement amendments. Applies to all labs |
| How long must quality control records and patient values be kept? | 2 years |
| How often should urinalysis controls be checked and recorded? | According to manufacturers, new lot, new bottle is opened |
| Example of a waved test? | dipstick, pregnancy test |
| Example of moderate test? | hematology, chemistry, gram stain |
| Example of high complexity test? | pap smear |
| What is normally found in the microscopic exam? | few hyaline casts |
| What does a squamous epithelial cell look like? | large flat cell from the urethra and vagina. |
| What does an RBC look like? | Green yellow biconcave disc |
| What does a WBC look like? | 1 1/2 larger than RBC. granular |
| What does yeast look like? | Oval rather than round, spherical, looks like an egg, double walled, short chains, buds, easily confused with RBC |
| What does a fiber look like? | Artifact |
| What does a hyaline cast look like? | Colorless and transparent- cylinder shaped |
| What does a coarse granular cast look like? | Cellular casts have degenerated into coarse granular material |
| What do RBC in the urine indicate? | associated with almost any disease. |
| What does WBC in the urine indicate? | infection |
| Amorphus urates | yellow red salts in non-crystal form, looks like debry. In acid urine. Normal |
| Uric acid | yellow red brown. polymorphus,diamond, rhombus, lemon or barrel shaped. Acid urine, Normal |
| Calcium oxalate | Small colorless envelope, acid urine, normal |
| Triple phosphates | colorless coffin lid, featherly or leaf. Alkaline, Normal |
| amorphous phosphates | colorless to white. non crystal, looks like debry. Alkaline urine, Normal |
| calcium carbonate | small dumbells, alkaline, normal |
| cystine | colorless flat hexagonal plate, acid, Abnormal |
| What are some abnormal crystals? | Tyrosine, cholesterol and bilirubin |
| What is glucosuria/glycosuria? | glucose in the urine |
| What is polyuria? | increased urine volume |
| What is polydipsia? | increased thirst due to fluid loss |
| What is polyphagia? | increased hunger due to loss of glucose |
| What substances cause a false positive for glucose on the dipstick? | none |
| Define ketone bodies | waste products of fat metabolism |
| When carbohydrate metabolism is altered, what does the body use for energy? | fatty acid or fats |
| What are the three ketone bodies? | acetobe, acetonacetic acid, betahydroxybutyric acid |
| Which ketone body do you smell on the patients breath? | diabetes mellitus, low carb diet, fasting, starvation |
| Define hematuria | intact RBCs in urine |
| Define hemoglobin | protein contaminated in RBC and carries oxygen |
| What does hematuria with casts indicate? | Renal disease |
| What causes a positive reaction for blood on the dipstick? | intact RBC's, hemoglobin, myoglobin |
| On the dipstick how does the reagent pad look when positive with intact red blood cells? | Spotted |
| What are two breakdown products of bilirubin and urobilinogen? | hemoglobin breaks down into bilirubin and urobilinogion |
| Where is urobilinogen made and from what? | Made in the intestine from direct or conjugated bilirubin by bacteria |
| WHat does PKU stand for? | phenylketonuria |
| What causes PKU? | hereditary, absence of an enzyme |
| What substance found in the urine indicates bacteriuria? | nitrate mixes with bacteria changing it to nitrite. Nitrite turns pink |
| What does any shade of pink on the dipstick square for bacteriuria? | greater than 20 bacteria per hpf may indicate UTI |
| What causes false negative results on the dipstick for bacteria? | urine very dilute |
| What is the most common cause of false negative reaction on the dipstick for leukocytes? | reading to early, must read at 2 minutes |
| What is HCG? | Human chorionic gonadotropin |
Created by:
lecopple1
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