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Unit 1 Study Guide
Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 themes of geography? | Relative Location, Physical characteristics, Human/environment interaction, Movement, and Regions |
| Where did the first people come from and why did they move? | East Africa, to search for food |
| What happened at the end of the Ice Age? | Large areas of North America, Europe, and Asia became habitable. |
| When did large areas of North America, Europe, and Asia bcome habitable? | At the end of the Ice Age |
| What determined race and skin color? | Regional and climate changes |
| What is Lucy and where was she found? | An australopithecus and the first human like creature, found in Africa |
| What did the homo habilis use? | Crude stone tools |
| What does homo erectus mean? | upright human |
| What does homo sapiens mean and what did they have? | Wise human, social groups |
| What are humans called? | Homo sapien sapien |
| What does Paleolithic mean and what did they have? | Old Stone Age, they had crude tools, natural shelters, and food preperation tools used for combat. |
| What were Paleolithic families like? | They selected sexual partners for life and had units that created clans. |
| What does Neolithic mean? | New Stone Age |
| What does Mesolithic mean and what is important about it? | Middle Stone Age, we have a loack of info on it. |
| Where is the West? | Western Europe, America, and Canada |
| What is Westerncentric? | How the West though of a civilization. |
| What is a civilization? | It has a food surplus, advanced cities, advanced technology, skilled workers, complex institutions (government and religion), and a system of writing. |
| What is diffusion? | Taking something from another culture. |
| What happens after emergence? | Diffusion |
| What were foraging societies? | Small groups of people who traveled based on climate and food availability. |
| What were the foraging societies climates like and what did they do for food? | Bad climate and poor land, they fished, gathered, and ate mammals. |
| Foraging societies organization | Some had chiefs, coordination needed for hunting large game and later warfare. |
| What did men and women do in foraging societies? | Men hunted and women gathered. They were not seen as superior, just different. |
| What were pastoral societies? | Domestication of animals |
| What was the geograhpy like for pastoral societies? | Mountain regions and insufficient rainfall. |
| What were the roles of men and women in pastoral societies? | Men controlled food production, women had few rights. |
| What did seasonal migration to for pastoral societies? | Made it difficult to become civilized. |
| Why was it difficult for pastoral societies to become civilized? | They had seasonal migrations. |
| When pastoral societies began experimenting with plants and seeds, what happened by accident? | Latrines sprouted plants/food. |
| Did pastoral and foraging societies exist at the same time? | Yes |
| What is animism? | Spirits can be n anything. |
| Why do people petition gods? | We feel we need control over our fate. |
| What ended the Neolithic? | The fermentation of alcoholic beverages. |
| What is slash and burn? | Using ashes to help keep the soil fertile. |
| What was some regional food from central Africa? | plantains, bananas, and yams |
| What was some regional food from the Americas? | maize(corn), beans, and squash |
| What was some regional food from India? | millet and barley |
| What was domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution? | First the dog(companionship and hunting), and later the goat(meat and milk). |
| What kept life orderly during the Neolithic Revolution? | The emergence of government and religion. Also organizing irrigation. |
| What happened during the food surplus in the Neolithic Revolution? | People had time to make tools, dig an irrigation ditch, become a philosopher ot religious leader, start armies and towns, write, creat art, experiment, and create new technologies. |
| What phychological issues did people during the Neolithic Revolution face? | They felt they now owned their land, and if someone else came, it was intruding. |
| What allowed people during the Neolithic Revolution to build homes? | Good soil and a good water source, domesticating animals, growing plants, and creating simple tools. |
| What did village settlements need to be near and why? | Water to commerce and barter |
| What happened when a sense of unity was creaetd in village settlements? | Cultural traditions were created. |
| What created cultural traditions in village settlements? | A sense of unity |
| What was the role of women pre-farming? | They gathered food and were the first to plant and harvest crops. |
| What did men do in village settlements? | They hunted. |
| What was the role of men in village settlements? | They controlled political and economic things, were warriors and traders,and were they were more important(patrilineal). |
| What does patrilineal/patrilocal mean? | Tracing descent based on male.husband/s line. |
| What helped defend against invaders in village settlements? | Forming communities |
| What came from forming communities? | defense against invaders. |
| What did village settlements have for religion? | They built permanent sites of worship. |
| What came about from the creation of cities? | protection and trading |
| Where are these 3 major cities:Jericho, Catal Huyuk, and Danpo? | Jericho-Jordan River Catal Huyuk-Turkey Danpo-China |
| Why did village settlements need writing? | It kept them more organized because they could keep records and pass on information. |
| Who developed the first known form of writing and what was it? | The Sumerians and it was cuneiform. |
| Why did village settlements need writing? | It kept them more organized because they could keep records and pass on information. |
| What impact does agriculture have on the environment when land is reconfigured to fit human needs? | It diverts water, clears land for farming, and allows roads to be built. |
| What is a beast of burden and what is one that was used? | An animal that is used for work. Ex.-oxen |
| What impact does agriculture have on the environment when land is reconfigured to fit human needs? | It diverts water, clears land for farming, and allows roads to be built. |
| What happened when food production was increased? | Land was overfarmed and depleted of fertility. They had to move to new land |
| What was used during the Bronze Age and what followed it? | Weapons and tools, iron followed. |
| What does Neolithic Age mean and why did it end? | New stone age, ends with metalworking. |
| How do you make bronze? | Combine copper with tin |
| What 3 continents never had a bronze age? | The Americas and Asia. |
| What was used during the Bronze Age and what followed it? | Weapons and tools, iron followed. |
| Who was involved in the Iron Age? | The Hittites |
| Whta happened during the Iron Age? | A wave of invasions came from outside Mesopotamia. |
| What was the culture of Mesopotamia like? | They had independent innvoation that was passed to Egypt/Indus. |
| What was the first Epic in Mesopotamia and what was it for? | Epic of Gilgamesh, king's quests |
| What kind of architecture did Mesopotamia have? | Ziggurats |
| What items did Mesopotamia have? | Bronze, copper, the wheel, and irrigation canals. |
| What are two problems Mesopotamia had and how did they solve them? | They had unpredictable flooding so they started irrigation because of a need for government, and lack of natural barriers, so they had defensive walls for invasion. |
| What does aritsocracy mean? | Ruled by the rich |
| What were rules like in Mesopotamia? | They had different ones for gender and social classes, and they were very harsh. The upper class was favored. |
| What was Mesopotamia's social structure like? | Ruled by elite and priests. It was an oligarchy and aristocracy. |
| What does oligarchy mean? | Ruled by few |
| Explain the slaves role in Mesopotamia? | They farmed and could purchase their freedom. |
| Where could a women gain power in Mesopotamia? | The courts |
| What was patriarchal about Mesopotamia | Men could sell their wives and/or children to pay debts. |
| What book in Egypt told what happened to your soul? | The Book of the Dead |
| What does partiarchal mean? | Ruled by men |
| What tools did Egypt use and who were they after? | bronze tools, Mesopotamia |
| What did Kush do and where was it at? | Started independent innovation iron, south of Egpyt Sudan. |
| What could women do in the courts in Mesopotamia? | gain power |
| What is the Egyptian Book of the Dead? | A book telling what happend to your soul. |
| What came about from the creation of cities? | protection and trading |
| Why did village settlements need writing? | It kept them more organized because they could keep records and pass on information. |
| Who developed the first known form of writing and what was it? | The Sumerians and it was cuneiform. |
| What did Egypt's geography do? | Allowed for them to be protected so that they could create a unique civilization |
| How was Egypt's urbanization? | They were less urban than Mesopotamia. |
| What happened with the Nile? | It overflowed annually, but was predictable, which led to irrigation which led to an organized government. |
| What was Egypt's social class? | Top to bottom: pharaoh, priests, rich/warriors, and the poor. |
| What could commoners do with social class? | Enter government services and rise up. |
| Was Egypt patriarchal? | Yes, but women did have some rights. |
| What rights did women in Egypt have? | They got to manage the household finances, educate children, could own property, and they had the right to divorce husbands. |
| Who was Queen Hatshepsut? | The first known female ruler. |
| Where was the Indus/Indus River at? | Pakistan |
| What was culture like in the Indus River? | They had streets laid out in precise grids, active trade with Sumer, and had a blend of Aryans and Indus valley people. |
| What were the Indus Valley people and what color were they? | Dravidians, dark |
| What did the Indus River do? | Flooded unpredictably. |
| What were two major cities in the Indus river valley? | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro |
| What eventually happened to the Indus river valley? | They were overtaken by indo-Europeans(Aryans). |
| What was the social structure like in the Indus River valley? | Little is known, but they weren't as patriarchal. |
| What did the Aryans do when they gained controle? What did the Dravidians end up winning out in? | The Aryans based social sturcture by color and contolled politically. The Dravidians won out culturally. |
| What river was in the Shang Dynasty? | The Yellow River |
| What was the geography like in the Shang dynasty? | It was isolated by deserts, mountains, and seas, which flooded unpredictably. |
| What kind of metals did the Shang use? | They had bronze metallurgy and ironworking. |
| Explain oracle bones. | A person scratched a question on the bone and heated it. The resulting cracks told a message from the gods. |
| What replaced the Shang? | The Zhou |
| What is the mandate of heaven? | Says if a leader governs wisely and fairly, he can claim the right to divine rule. |
| What did the Shang have? | dynasties, walled cities, and central rule to oversee irrigation/flood-control projects. |
| Where were the cities in the Zhou located? | Along the Yellow river |
| What was the Zhou's social structure? | Stratified-ruling elites, artisans, peasants, and slaves. Also patriarchal. Father needs to know his children. |
| What was family like in Zhou? | Men had mulitiple marriages and preferred their sons. Infanticide was conducted. |
| Who did people in Zhou worship? | Their ancestors. |
| Who came first and second in Mesoamerica? | First the Olmecs, then the Maya. |
| What is also referred to as Mesoamerica? | Andean South America |
| What religion did Mesoamerica have? | polytheistic |
| What did the Mayans build? | Pyramids and temples |
| What came from diffusion in Mesoamerica? | maize |
| Who is Quetzalcoatl and where is he from? | From Mesoamerica and he was a god who would return to rule the world in peace. |
| When did the Mayan reach its height? | 300 CE, much later than the other civilizations. |
| What did the Mayan come up with? | The length of a year within a few seconds. |
| What prevented communication in Mesoamerica? | A lack of pack animals and geography. |
| What did a lack of pack animals and the geograhpy cause in Mesoamerica? | It prevented communication. |
| What did the rugged terrain of the Andes do in Mesoamerica? | It prevented the central gov. from organizing. |
| What prevented the central gov. from organizing in Mesoamerica? | The rugged terrains of the Andes. |
| What was the social structure in Mesoamerica? | Elite class of rulers and preists vs. commoners and slaves. |
| What was Mesoamerica's biggest animal and why was it used? And what did they not have? | Llama biggest animal and was used for human labor. They did not have any beasts of burden. |
Created by:
1213CaitlynMullins
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