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GS Unit 1 Vocab
Englightenment and Revolutions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Contract | Since citizens give up some freedoms to live in an organized society, the government is obligated to protect their citizen’s rights |
| Direct Democracy | A system of government where all people (citizens) vote on leaders and laws. |
| Mercantilism | Economic trade system that followed the principle that government must regulate trade in order to keep balance |
| Laissez-faire Economics | This economic system states that countries should use a “Free Market” system, meaning that governments do not interfere in the economy |
| Popular Sovereignty | Opposite of Divine Right of Kings, power of the government comes from the people |
| Factions | Different groups of people with varying perspectives on the government (like a political party). |
| Coup-d'état | Means “Blow to the State” and refers to a scenario where a group of people or one person suddenly overthrows the established government. Napoleon used this method to gain control of France from the Directory. |
| Plebiscite | Vote of the people. In 1800 a Plebiscite gave Napoleon sole power over France. |
| Scorched Earth Policy | defensive war tactic where a country burns its grain fields and kills its livestock before the enemy can take it in order to starve them. Used by Russia against Napoleon. |
| Annexation | Process, by which one country takes over control of another country’s territory |
| Printing Press | Print inexpensive for more people. learning , travel, and questioning life increased |
| The Scientific Revolution | using human reason to question and create natural laws |
| The Enlightenment | An Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th Centuries that stressed, reason, thought, and power of the individual to solve problems. |
| Navigation Acts | British policies over its colonies which stated that England had direct control over how much colonies could trade and to whom they could trade. |
| Intolerable Acts | Massachusetts punishment for Boston Tea Party including quartering troops, leading to colonial boycotts |
| Declaration of Independence | document justified colonial rebellion. Based on the philosophy of Locke |
| Battle of Saratoga | Encouraged the French to have confidence in the American colonists, so they joined the war and helped the colonies win the Revolutionary War |
| Articles of Confederation | First weak form of the United States’ government, which could not efficiently control the states or raise money |
| Ancien or Old Regime | Socio-economic hierarchy of France consisting of three estates, few rich nobles who owned most land, Catholic clergy, and the Third Estate who was the bulk of the population but owned little land.. |
| The Great Fear | peasants began burning papers tying them to the lands of nobles and women stormed Paris and riot for bread to feed their children. |
| The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen | French legislature explained that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” including liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. |
| Committee of Public Safety | responsible for tens of thousands of deaths by the guillotine. Robespierre is remembered for saying that “liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads.” |
| Louisiana Purchase | doubled the size of the US, from Napoleon in 1803. Napoleon used this money to forge his European empire. |
| Continental System | Blockade created by Napoleon which closed off European ports in order to stop their trade with Great Britain. |
| Congress of Vienna | Created 40 years of peace in Europe by containing the power of France and returning the royal families of Europe to their thrones |
| Battle of Trafalgar | This defeat would cause Napoleon’s unrelenting desire to destroy Great Britain, which would eventually help lead to his downfall. |
| Thomas Hobbes | Believed in an absolute monarch to protect our rights and property from other people who were by nature selfish, brainless, and cruel |
| John Locke | Governments should protect 3 natural rights, Life, Liberty, and Property |
| Voltaire | Was a French Satirist (writings were very sarcastic and often used exaggeration to get his point across). He fought to extend tolerance, reason, and freedoms of religion and speech. |
| Montesquieu | Believed that governments should contain a separation of powers. In his opinion if no one man or part of government had total control, than people’s rights would be better protected. |
| Rousseau | He believed in direct democracy and that governments should only be able to create a very few limitations to people’s freedoms. |
| Beccaria | Therefore, he spoke out against the use of capital punishment and torture. |
| Wollstonecraft | explained that it is true that a woman’s first duty is to be a good mother, but in order to do this and be a useful, virtuous member of society, they must be educated like men. |
| Adam Smith | Created 3 Natural Laws of Economics |
| De Gouges | explained that women were too born free and therefore should be given the same rights and have equal access to public office. |
| Toussaint L’Ouverture | Lead Haiti to earn its independence from France. He was born a Haitian slave |
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