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C2-Body as a Whole
terms pertaining to the body as a whole
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | fundamental unit of all living things |
| cell membane | surrounds and protects the cell and regulates what passes into and out of the cell |
| nucleus | control the operation of the cell |
| chromosomes | rod-like structures within the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. |
| genes | regions of DNA within each chromosome |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | chemical found within each chromosome and regulates the activities of the cell |
| karyotype | picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell |
| cytoplasm | includes all of the material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane. |
| mitochondria | small sausage-shaped bodies that act like miniature power plants to produce energy called catabolism |
| endoplasmic reticulum | network of canals within the cell and anabolism occurs here |
| anabolism | process of building up complex materials or proteins from simple materials |
| catabolism | process of breaking down complex materials or foods to form simpler substances and release energy |
| metabolism | total of the chemical processes occuring in a cell |
| Types of cells | muscle cell, epithelial cell, nerve cell, and fat cell |
| muscle cell | long and slender and contains fiber that aids in contracting and relaxing |
| epithelial cell | a lining and skin cell may be square and flat to provide protection |
| nerve cell | may be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses |
| fat cell | contains large, empty spaces for fat storage |
| types of tissues | epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nerve tissue |
| epithelial tissue | located all over the body and forms the linings of internal organs and outer surface of the skin covering the body as well as the exocrine and endocrine glands |
| muscle tissue | ability to contract and conduct impulses |
| types of muscle tissue | Voluntary Muscle-found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control Involuntary Muscle-found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs and allows movement that is not under conscious control |
| connective tissue | examples are adipose tissue (collection of fat cells), cartilage which is elastic, fibrous tissue attached to the bones and bone and blood |
| nerve tissue | conducts impulses all over the body |
| Systems of the body | digestive, urinary or excretory, respiratory, endocrine, nervous, circulatory, musculoskeletal, skin and sense organs |
| viscera | internal organs |
| digestive system | mouth, pharynx (throat),esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| urinary or excretory system | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| respiratory system | nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs |
| reproductive system | female:ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands male:testes, urethra,penis,prostate gland |
| endocrine system | thyroid gland,pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands |
| nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| circulatory system | heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland |
| musculoskeletal system | muscles, bones and joints |
| skin and sense organs | skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue |
| trachea or windpipe | tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes |
| larynx or voice box | located at the upper part of the trachea |
| pharynx or throat | serves as the common passageway for food and air |
| pituitary gland | endocrine gland at the base of the brain |
| thyroid gland | endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck |
| ureter | 2 tubes leading from kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urethra | tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| uterus or womb | the organ that holds the embryo or fetus as it develops |
| Body cavity | space within the body that contains internal organs |
| 1.cranial cavity | brain, pituitary gland |
| 2.thoracic cavity | lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta |
| division of thoracic cavity | a. pleural cavity-space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung b. mediastinum-centrally located area outside of and between the lungs |
| 3.abdominal cavity | stomach, intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder |
| peritoneum | double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity |
| diaphragm | a muscular wall dividing the abdominal and thoracic cavity |
| 4.pelvic cavity | portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus and vagina |
| 5.spinal cavity | nerves of the spinal cord |
| periosteum | protects the bones |
| meninges | membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| pleura | double layered membrane surrounding each lung |
| 9 Abdominopelvic Regions of the Body: 1. right hypochondriac region | right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen |
| 2. left hypochondriac region | left upper region below the rib cartilage |
| 3. epigastric region | region above the stomach |
| 4. right lumbar region | right middle region near the waist |
| 5. left lumbar region | left middle region near the waist |
| 6. umbilical region | region of the navel or umbilicus |
| 7. right inguinal region or right iliac region | right lower region near the groin |
| 8. left inguinal region or left iliac region | left lower region near the groin |
| 9. hypogastric region | middle lower region below the umbilical region |
| 4 Quadrants of the abdominopelvic area: | 1.right upper quadrant 2.left upper quadrant 3. right lower quadrant 4. left lower quadrant |
| Division of the Spinal Column | a. Cervical-neck region (C1-C7) b. Thoracic-chest region (T1-T12) c. Lumbar-loin (waist) or flank region d. Sacral-5 bones fused together to form the bone or sacrum 5. Coccygeal-coccyx or tailbone is a small bone composed of 4 fused pcs |
| anterior (ventral) | front surface of the body |
| posterior (dorsal) | the back side of the body |
| deep | away from the surface |
| superficial | on the surface |
| proximal | near the point of attachment to the truck or near the beginning of a structure |
| distal | far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure. |
| inferior | below another structure |
| superior | above another structure |
| medial | pertaining to the middle or nearer the medial plane of the body |
| lateral | pertaining to the side |
| supine | lying on the back, face up |
| prone | lying on the belly, face down |
| Planes of the Body | 1. Frontal or coronal plane 2. Sagittal or lateral plane 3. Transverse Plane (cross-sectional or axial) |
| Frontal or coronal plane | vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions |
| Sagittal or lateral plane | lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into rights and left sides |
| midsagittal | divides the body into right and left halves |
| Transverse plane | horizontal plane running across the body parallel to the ground |
| cross-sectional plane | divides the body or structure into upper and lower portions |
Created by:
RomeliaL.
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