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terms pertaining to the body as a whole

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Question
Answer
cell   fundamental unit of all living things  
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cell membane   surrounds and protects the cell and regulates what passes into and out of the cell  
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nucleus   control the operation of the cell  
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chromosomes   rod-like structures within the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes.  
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genes   regions of DNA within each chromosome  
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)   chemical found within each chromosome and regulates the activities of the cell  
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karyotype   picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell  
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cytoplasm   includes all of the material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane.  
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mitochondria   small sausage-shaped bodies that act like miniature power plants to produce energy called catabolism  
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endoplasmic reticulum   network of canals within the cell and anabolism occurs here  
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anabolism   process of building up complex materials or proteins from simple materials  
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catabolism   process of breaking down complex materials or foods to form simpler substances and release energy  
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metabolism   total of the chemical processes occuring in a cell  
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Types of cells   muscle cell, epithelial cell, nerve cell, and fat cell  
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muscle cell   long and slender and contains fiber that aids in contracting and relaxing  
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epithelial cell   a lining and skin cell may be square and flat to provide protection  
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nerve cell   may be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses  
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fat cell   contains large, empty spaces for fat storage  
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types of tissues   epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nerve tissue  
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epithelial tissue   located all over the body and forms the linings of internal organs and outer surface of the skin covering the body as well as the exocrine and endocrine glands  
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muscle tissue   ability to contract and conduct impulses  
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types of muscle tissue   Voluntary Muscle-found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control Involuntary Muscle-found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs and allows movement that is not under conscious control  
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connective tissue   examples are adipose tissue (collection of fat cells), cartilage which is elastic, fibrous tissue attached to the bones and bone and blood  
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nerve tissue   conducts impulses all over the body  
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Systems of the body   digestive, urinary or excretory, respiratory, endocrine, nervous, circulatory, musculoskeletal, skin and sense organs  
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viscera   internal organs  
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digestive system   mouth, pharynx (throat),esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas  
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urinary or excretory system   kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra  
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respiratory system   nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs  
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reproductive system   female:ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands male:testes, urethra,penis,prostate gland  
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endocrine system   thyroid gland,pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands  
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nervous system   brain, spinal cord, nerves  
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circulatory system   heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland  
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musculoskeletal system   muscles, bones and joints  
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skin and sense organs   skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue  
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trachea or windpipe   tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes  
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larynx or voice box   located at the upper part of the trachea  
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pharynx or throat   serves as the common passageway for food and air  
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pituitary gland   endocrine gland at the base of the brain  
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thyroid gland   endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck  
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ureter   2 tubes leading from kidney to the urinary bladder  
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urethra   tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body  
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uterus or womb   the organ that holds the embryo or fetus as it develops  
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Body cavity   space within the body that contains internal organs  
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1.cranial cavity   brain, pituitary gland  
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2.thoracic cavity   lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta  
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division of thoracic cavity   a. pleural cavity-space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung b. mediastinum-centrally located area outside of and between the lungs  
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3.abdominal cavity   stomach, intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder  
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peritoneum   double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity  
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diaphragm   a muscular wall dividing the abdominal and thoracic cavity  
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4.pelvic cavity   portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus and vagina  
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5.spinal cavity   nerves of the spinal cord  
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periosteum   protects the bones  
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meninges   membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord  
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pleura   double layered membrane surrounding each lung  
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9 Abdominopelvic Regions of the Body: 1. right hypochondriac region   right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen  
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2. left hypochondriac region   left upper region below the rib cartilage  
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3. epigastric region   region above the stomach  
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4. right lumbar region   right middle region near the waist  
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5. left lumbar region   left middle region near the waist  
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6. umbilical region   region of the navel or umbilicus  
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7. right inguinal region or right iliac region   right lower region near the groin  
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8. left inguinal region or left iliac region   left lower region near the groin  
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9. hypogastric region   middle lower region below the umbilical region  
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4 Quadrants of the abdominopelvic area:   1.right upper quadrant 2.left upper quadrant 3. right lower quadrant 4. left lower quadrant  
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Division of the Spinal Column   a. Cervical-neck region (C1-C7) b. Thoracic-chest region (T1-T12) c. Lumbar-loin (waist) or flank region d. Sacral-5 bones fused together to form the bone or sacrum 5. Coccygeal-coccyx or tailbone is a small bone composed of 4 fused pcs  
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anterior (ventral)   front surface of the body  
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posterior (dorsal)   the back side of the body  
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deep   away from the surface  
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superficial   on the surface  
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proximal   near the point of attachment to the truck or near the beginning of a structure  
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distal   far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.  
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inferior   below another structure  
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superior   above another structure  
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medial   pertaining to the middle or nearer the medial plane of the body  
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lateral   pertaining to the side  
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supine   lying on the back, face up  
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prone   lying on the belly, face down  
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Planes of the Body   1. Frontal or coronal plane 2. Sagittal or lateral plane 3. Transverse Plane (cross-sectional or axial)  
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Frontal or coronal plane   vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions  
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Sagittal or lateral plane   lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into rights and left sides  
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midsagittal   divides the body into right and left halves  
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Transverse plane   horizontal plane running across the body parallel to the ground  
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cross-sectional plane   divides the body or structure into upper and lower portions  
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Created by: RomeliaL.
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