terms pertaining to the body as a whole
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cell | fundamental unit of all living things
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cell membane | surrounds and protects the cell and regulates what passes into and out of the cell
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nucleus | control the operation of the cell
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chromosomes | rod-like structures within the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes.
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genes | regions of DNA within each chromosome
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | chemical found within each chromosome and regulates the activities of the cell
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karyotype | picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
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cytoplasm | includes all of the material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane.
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mitochondria | small sausage-shaped bodies that act like miniature power plants to produce energy called catabolism
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endoplasmic reticulum | network of canals within the cell and anabolism occurs here
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anabolism | process of building up complex materials or proteins from simple materials
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catabolism | process of breaking down complex materials or foods to form simpler substances and release energy
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metabolism | total of the chemical processes occuring in a cell
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Types of cells | muscle cell, epithelial cell, nerve cell, and fat cell
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muscle cell | long and slender and contains fiber that aids in contracting and relaxing
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epithelial cell | a lining and skin cell may be square and flat to provide protection
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nerve cell | may be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses
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fat cell | contains large, empty spaces for fat storage
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types of tissues | epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nerve tissue
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epithelial tissue | located all over the body and forms the linings of internal organs and outer surface of the skin covering the body as well as the exocrine and endocrine glands
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muscle tissue | ability to contract and conduct impulses
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types of muscle tissue | Voluntary Muscle-found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control
Involuntary Muscle-found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs and allows movement that is not under conscious control
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connective tissue | examples are adipose tissue (collection of fat cells), cartilage which is elastic, fibrous tissue attached to the bones and bone and blood
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nerve tissue | conducts impulses all over the body
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Systems of the body | digestive, urinary or excretory, respiratory, endocrine, nervous, circulatory, musculoskeletal, skin and sense organs
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viscera | internal organs
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digestive system | mouth, pharynx (throat),esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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urinary or excretory system | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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respiratory system | nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
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reproductive system | female:ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
male:testes, urethra,penis,prostate gland
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endocrine system | thyroid gland,pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands
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nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves
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circulatory system | heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland
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musculoskeletal system | muscles, bones and joints
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skin and sense organs | skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue
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trachea or windpipe | tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes
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larynx or voice box | located at the upper part of the trachea
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pharynx or throat | serves as the common passageway for food and air
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pituitary gland | endocrine gland at the base of the brain
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thyroid gland | endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck
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ureter | 2 tubes leading from kidney to the urinary bladder
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urethra | tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
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uterus or womb | the organ that holds the embryo or fetus as it develops
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Body cavity | space within the body that contains internal organs
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1.cranial cavity | brain, pituitary gland
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2.thoracic cavity | lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta
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division of thoracic cavity | a. pleural cavity-space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung
b. mediastinum-centrally located area outside of and between the lungs
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3.abdominal cavity | stomach, intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
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peritoneum | double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity
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diaphragm | a muscular wall dividing the abdominal and thoracic cavity
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4.pelvic cavity | portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus and vagina
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5.spinal cavity | nerves of the spinal cord
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periosteum | protects the bones
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meninges | membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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pleura | double layered membrane surrounding each lung
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9 Abdominopelvic Regions of the Body: 1. right hypochondriac region | right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
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2. left hypochondriac region | left upper region below the rib cartilage
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3. epigastric region | region above the stomach
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4. right lumbar region | right middle region near the waist
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5. left lumbar region | left middle region near the waist
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6. umbilical region | region of the navel or umbilicus
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7. right inguinal region or right iliac region | right lower region near the groin
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8. left inguinal region or left iliac region | left lower region near the groin
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9. hypogastric region | middle lower region below the umbilical region
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4 Quadrants of the abdominopelvic area: | 1.right upper quadrant
2.left upper quadrant
3. right lower quadrant
4. left lower quadrant
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Division of the Spinal Column | a. Cervical-neck region (C1-C7)
b. Thoracic-chest region (T1-T12)
c. Lumbar-loin (waist) or flank region
d. Sacral-5 bones fused together to form the bone or sacrum
5. Coccygeal-coccyx or tailbone is a small bone composed of 4 fused pcs
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anterior (ventral) | front surface of the body
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posterior (dorsal) | the back side of the body
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deep | away from the surface
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superficial | on the surface
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proximal | near the point of attachment to the truck or near the beginning of a structure
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distal | far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.
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inferior | below another structure
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superior | above another structure
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medial | pertaining to the middle or nearer the medial plane of the body
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lateral | pertaining to the side
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supine | lying on the back, face up
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prone | lying on the belly, face down
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Planes of the Body | 1. Frontal or coronal plane
2. Sagittal or lateral plane
3. Transverse Plane (cross-sectional or axial)
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Frontal or coronal plane | vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
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Sagittal or lateral plane | lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into rights and left sides
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midsagittal | divides the body into right and left halves
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Transverse plane | horizontal plane running across the body parallel to the ground
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cross-sectional plane | divides the body or structure into upper and lower portions
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Created by:
RomeliaL.
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