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Urinalysis
Urinalysis (Exercise 41A)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| name the 3 major factors that blood composition depends on: | diet, cellular metabolism & urinary output |
| how many liters of blood plasma are filtered within 24 hours of the kidneys nephrons | 150 to 180 liters |
| where does the blood plasma go through? | their glomeruli into the tubules;; where it is selectively processed by tubular reabsorption & secretion |
| what is the urine output for a healthy human? | 1.0 to 1.8 liters |
| what gives urine it's normal yellow color? | urochrome; a pigment metabolite arising from the body's destruction of hemoglobin (via bilirubin or bile pigments) |
| the greater the solute concentration in uring the ____ the color | deeper |
| what does the pH of urine range from | 4.5 to 8.0 but its average value is 6.0; slightly acidic |
| a diet high in protein (meat, eggs, cheese) ___ the acidity of urine | increase |
| what are these type of foods called | acid ash foods |
| a vegetarian die ____ the alkalinity of the urine | incrcreases |
| what type of foods are these | alkaline ash diet |
| a bacterial infection of the urinary tract may result in urine with a ____ pH | high |
| what is specific gravity | the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water |
| what is the specific gravity of distilled water | 1.000 b.c 1 ml weights 1 g |
| what is the specific gravity of urine | 1.001 to 1.030 |
| what type of urine is 1.001 | very dilute; it contains few solutes |
| pyelonephritis | a condition that produce urine w. a high specific gravity include limited fluid intake, fever & kidney inflammation |
| kidney stones; renal calculi | caused by urine becoming excessively conventrated & solution begin to precipitate or crystallize |
| name the normal constituents of urine | water; urea; sodium; potassium; phosphate; sulfate ions; creatinine; uric acid; (smaller amounts of ca+, mg+ & bicarbonate ions |
| glycosuria | indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels; presence of glucose in the urine |
| what may cause glycosuria? | it may result from carbohydrate intake so excessive that normal physiological & hormonal mechanisms cannot clear it from the blood quickly enough |
| albuminuria | presence of albumin in urine |
| what is albumin | the single most abundant blood protein & is very important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood; it is normally too large to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane |
| what does albuminuria indicate | an abnormally increased permeability of the glomerular membrane |
| what can cause physiological albuminura | excessive exertion, pregnancy or overabundant protein intake, can all temporarily increase the membrane permeability |
| what are pathological conditions resulting in albuminuria | events that damage the glomerular membrane, such as kidney trauma due to blows, the ingestion of heavy metals, bacterial toxins, glomerulonephritis & hypertension |
| what is ketonuria | the presence of these intermediate products of fat metabolism in excessive amounts |
| what does ketonuria indicate | that abnormal metabolic processes are occuring; result may be acidosis & its complications |
| when may you expected to find ketonuria | during starvation, or diets very low in carbohydrates, when inadequate food intake forces the body to use its fat stores (also seen in diabetes patients |
| what is hematuria | the appearance of RBC, in the urine |
| what does this indicate? | pathology of the urinary tract bc erythrocytes are too large to pass throught he glomerular pores |
| hemoglobinuria | the presence fo hemoglobin in the urine, is a result of the fragmentation of hemolysis, of RBC; |
| as a result, hemoglobin is ____ into the plasma & subsequently appears in the ____ | liberated; kidney filtrate |
| hemoglobinuria indicates various pathological conditions including | hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions, burns or renal disease |
| the presence of urinary nitrites might indicate___ | a bacterial infection, particularly E. coli or other gram- rods; an early detection of bladder infections |
| bilirubinuria | the appearance of bilirubin (bile pigments) in urine |
| what would bilirubinuria indicate? | liver pathology, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis |
| how can you test for bilirubinuria | it is signaled by a yellow foam that forms when the urine sample is shaken |
| what is urobilinogen | it is produced in the intestine from bilirubin & gives feces a brown color; some of it is reabsorbed into the blood & either excreted back into the intestine by the liver or excreted by the kidneys int he urine |
| complete absence of urobilinogen may indicate what? | renal disease or obstruction of bile flow in the liver |
| increased levels of urobilinogen may indicate what? | hepatits A, cirrhosis, or biliary disease |
| pyuria | the presence of WBC or other pus constituents in the urine |
| what does pyuria indicate | inflammation of the urinary tract |
Created by:
Brina
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