click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
med term CH 13-16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| inter- | inside |
| intra- | between |
| par/esthes/ia | condition of abnormal physical feeling of prickling, burning or numbness |
| pulmonary abscess | localized accumulation of pus in the lungs |
| precordial pain | chest pain over the heart |
| thoracodynia | chest pain |
| substance-related mental disorders | 4th most common diagnostic category for inpatient admissions |
| behavioral health | interaction of the body and mind |
| psychologists | diagnosis and treatment |
| psychiatrists | medical doctors who specialize in treatment of mental disorders |
| affects | mood aka body language |
| mental retardation | usually genetically linked and diagnosed in early childhood |
| physiatry | treatment of physical disorders |
| psych/o | mind |
| thym/o | thymus, gland in mediastinum |
| phren/o | mind or diaphragm |
| iatr/o | treatment |
| -ia, -ism | condition |
| -mania | condition of madness |
| -phobia | condition of fear |
| kathis/o | sitting |
| hedon/o | pleasure |
| cata- | down |
| ton/o | tension, tone |
| confabulation | effort to conceal a gap in memory by fabricating believable stories |
| delirium | condition of confusion and irrational agitation |
| acro- | way up high |
| agora/phobia | fear of the outside world, crowds |
| phor/o | to carry, bear |
| eu- | good |
| eu/phoria | exaggerated sense of well-being not based on reality |
| anthro/phobia aka social phobia | fear of scrutiny |
| -thymia | condition of the mind |
| eu/thymia | normal range of moods and emotions |
| -ation | process of |
| DT | delirium tremens, tremors when going through alcohol withdrawals |
| drug misuse | need medication but dont take as directed |
| pol/o | pole |
| -ar | pertaining to |
| cycl/o | ciliary body, middle layer of the eye that holds eye lens |
| anthrop/o | man |
| claustr/o | closing |
| SAD | seasonal affective disorder, depression from decreased exposure to sunlight |
| anorexia nervosa | without appetite, highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder |
| bulimia nervosa | binge eating and forcing it up |
| GAD | generalized anxiety disorder, most common diagnosis but not specific to any situation or circumstance |
| OCD | obsessive-compulsive disorder, repetitive acts bc patient feels it will prevent some harmful event |
| parasomnia | sleep terrors |
| hypoactive sexual desire disorder | if not hormonal related then psychological related |
| PD | panic disorder |
| orex/o | appetite |
| para- | abnormal |
| nymph/o | women |
| hedon/o | pleasure |
| klept/o | steal |
| till/o | pulling |
| voyeurism | getting sexual pleasure and gratification from watching others engage in intimate behavior |
| cognitive therapy | any treatment to help change attitudes, perceptions, patterns of thinking |
| ana- | up, apart |
| de- | lack of, removal |
| ECT | electroconvulsive therapy, inducing convulsions to treat those unresponsive to drug therapy |
| GAF | global assessment of functioning, numerical measure of overall mental health |
| delusion | persistent belief in untruth |
| illusion | inaccurate sense perception based on real external stimulus |
| opt/o, optic/o | vision |
| audi/o, acous/o | hearing |
| ocul/o, ophthalm | eye |
| orbit/o | protective bony socket eyes are encased in |
| bin- | two |
| -ar | pertaining to |
| supra- | above |
| -al | pertaining to |
| blephar/o, palpebr/o | eyelid |
| canth/o | canthus, corners of the eyes |
| conjunctiv/o | conjuctiva, membrane that lines eyelids and covers the surface of eyes |
| lacrim/o | tear glands |
| ophthalmology | diagnosis and treatment of the eye |
| optometrist | healthcare professional who treats vision |
| dacryocyst/o | lacrimal sac, tear sac |
| kerat/o, corner/o | cornea, transparent anterior portion of sclera |
| scler/o | scleara, hard outer covering of the eye (white part) |
| ir/o, irid/o | iris, pigmented muscle that allows light in eye |
| pupill/o, cor/o, core/o | pupil, dark center of iris |
| phac/o, phak/o | eye lens |
| viter/o | aqueous and viterous humors, eye liquid |
| palpate | examination with touch |
| retin/o | retina, inner layer of eye made up of rods and cones |
| palpitate | rapid heartbeat |
| dacryoaden/o | lacrimal gland, tear gland |
| lacrim/o | tear |
| uve/o | uvea, middle highly vascular layer of the eye |
| dacry/o | tear |
| vitre/o | vitreous humor, jellylike substance between lens and retina |
| macul/o | macula lutea, light focuses on on this retinal structure |
| ex/ophthalm/ia | eyes bulging out of the head |
| -chalasis | relaxation, slackening |
| -ptosis | dropping, falling |
| ec- | out |
| trop/o | turning |
| -ion | process of |
| xer/o | dry |
| neo- | new |
| nat/o | born |
| esotropia | one or both eyes turning inward |
| expotropia | one or both eyes turning outward |
| entropion | turning inward of the eyelid toward the eye |
| ectropin | turning outward of the eyelid |
| ambly/o | dull, dim |
| -opia | vision condition |
| dipl/o | double |
| phot/o | light |
| strabismus aka squint | lack of coordination between eyes |
| Astig, As, Ast | astigmatism, malcurvature of the cornea leading to blurred vision |
| hyperopia | farsight, cant see near |
| my/o | to shut |
| myopia | near sight, cant see far |
| presby- | old age |
| corneal ulcer | trauma to the outer covering of the eye |
| is/o | equal |
| goni/o | measurement of angles |
| cataract | progressive loss of transparency of lens in eye |
| glauc/o | gray, blueish green |
| nyctal/o | night blindness, cant see well in dim light |
| miotics | medicine to constrict pupils, can help treat glaucoma |
| opthalmics | meds made specifically for the eye |
| scot/o | darkness |
| scotoma | blind spot |
| nyctalopia | night blindness |
| topical anesthetics | medicine used to numb the eyes |
| mydriatics | medicine used to dilate eye |
| labyrinth/o | inner ear |
| pinna | top part of ear |
| auricle | whole ear on outside |
| cerumin/o | ear wax |
| tympan/o, myring/o | tympanic membrane, ear drum |
| ossicul/o | bones in middle of ear |
| salping/o | fallopian tube or eustachian tube which is connection between the ears and throat that equalizes pressure |
| -lymph | fluid |
| cochle/o | cochlea, where hearing takes place |
| nystagmus | involuntary back-and-forth eye movements |
| meat/o | right at opening of ear |
| tinnitus | ringing in ear |
| vertigo | dizziness |
| choroid/o | choroid, layer under the retina |
| melan/o | dark, black |
| anacusis | deaf |
| paracusis | general term for abnormality of hearing |
| presbycusis | age related hearing loss |
| conductive hearing loss | sound waves dont go all the way where they need to go |
| sensorineural hearing loss | sensory portion of nervous system isnt able to be sent |
| flurescein angiography | procedure to confirm suspected retinal disease |
| slit lamp exam | part of routine eye exam of layers of the eye |
| IOP | intraocular pressure |
| tonometry | measurement of intraocular pressure used to diagnosis glaucoma |
| VA test | visual acuity, test for sharpness of vision |
| VF test | visual field test, test to determine physical space visible |
| -rraphy | suture |
| e- | out |
| nucle/o | nucelus |
| enucleation of the eye | removal of entire eyeball |
| viscer/o | organ |
| evisceration of the eye | removal of contents of the eyeball, leaving the outer coat intact |
| exenteration of the eye | removal of entire contents of the orbit |
| flap procedure | procedure to cut cornea to access deeper structures |
| LASIK | laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis, use of excimer laser to remove material under corneal flap |
| trabecul/o | little beam |
| trabeculotomy | incision of orbital network of eye to increase circulation and decrease pressure |
| coagulation | to clot |
| scleral buckling | reattachment of retina |
| Acc | accommodation |
| ARMD-AMD | age-related macular degeneration |
| EM, Em | emmetropia, normal refractive condition of the eye (normal vision) |
| MY | myopia, near sight, cant see far |
| Ophth | opthamology |
| auricl/o | ear |
| mastoid/o | mastoid process, hard small projection that is behind the ear |
| staped/o | stapes, tiny bone in middle ear that looks like a U |
| malleus | one of the bones in middle ear |
| malleolus | one of the process of the distal tibia and fibula |
| aural | pertaining to the ear |
| otalgia aka otodynia | earache |
| impacted cerumen | blockage from earwax |
| otitis externa aka swimmers ear | inflammation of outer ear |
| chol/e | bile |
| steat/o | fat |
| myring/o | eardrum |
| -sclerosis | hardening |
| -stenosis | narrowing |
| Meniere disease | chronic condition of the inner ear characterized by hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo |
| -acusis | hearing |
| acoustic nueroma aka vestibular schwannoma | benign tumor of eight carnial nerve |
| UNHS | universal newborn hearing screening test |
| webner tuning fork test | method of testing auditory and acuity |
| ASL | american sign language |
| ENT | ear, nose, throat specialist |
| Oto | otology, study of the ear |
| TM | tympanic membrane, |
| -crine | to secrete |
| adren/o | suprarenal gland, glands above the kidney |
| hypophys/o, pituitar/o | pituitary gland, tiny gland behind optic nerve in skull |
| thalam/o | thalamus, the middle part of the diencephalon through which sensory impulses pass |
| -us | structure |
| ADH aka vasopressin | antidiuretic horomone, stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water and return it to circulation |
| oxytocia | rapid delivery |
| T4 aka thyroxine | tetraiodthyronine, increases cell metabolism |
| cortisol | glucocorticoids, responds to stress |
| ket/o, keton/o | ketone, hormones that regulate glucose levels through metabolism of fat, carbs, proteins |
| gonad/o | gonads, reproductive organ that makes sex hormones and reproductive cells-testes in the male |
| orex/o | appetite |
| goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland not due to tumor |
| hirsutism aka hypertrichosis | abnormal hairiness |
| kal/i | potassium |
| natr/o | sodium |
| esthesi/o | feeling |
| dips/o | thirst |
| tetany | continuous muscle spasms |
| acro- | extremities |
| DI | diabetes insipidus,to produce tremendous quantities of urine |
| GHD | growth horome deficency |
| pan- | all |
| Cushing disease | excessive secretion of adrenal hormone cortisol causing obesity |
| DM | diabetes mellitus, group of metabolic disorders characterized by high glucose levels |
| type 1 diabetes aka juvenile diabetes | total lack of insulin production |
| type 2 diabetes | deficient insulin production |
| phe/o | dark |
| carcin/o | epithelial cancer, neoplastic disease the natural course of which is fatal |
| malignant thymoma | rare cancer of thymus gland |
| A1c | test to monitor response to diabetes treatment with average blood glucose during 3 month span |
| FPG | fasting plasma glucose, after a period of fasting blood is drawn |
| OGTT | oral glucose tolerance test |
| TFTs | thyroid function test, blood test to see how effective thyroid gland is |
| UA | urinalysis |
| tom/o | slice |
| onc/o | tumor |
| -genesis | production, origin |
| mut/a | change |
| -tion | process of |
| apo- | away from |
| -plasia | condition of formation |
| meta- | beyond, change |
| -stasis | controlling, stopping |
| blast/o, -blast | embryonic |
| ecto- | outer |
| -al | pertaining to |
| meso- | middle |
| -sarcoma | connective tissue cancer |
| extra- | outside |
| nod/o | node, small mass of tissue |
| terat/o | deformity |
| -carcinoma | cancer of epithelial (type of tissue) origin |
| sarc/o | flesh |
| sacr/o | sacrum, large heavy bone at the base of the spine |
| BMT | bone marrow transplant |
| BSE | breast self-examination |
| BTA | bladder tumor antigen |
| bx | biopsy, removal of a sample of tissue to be examined |
| CA | cancer |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| MS | musculoskeletal, multiple sclerosis, mithral stenosis |
| hGH | human growth hormone |
| -lalia | condition of babbling |
| tricho/tillo/mania | condition of madness to constantly pull hair out |
| ambul/o | walking |
| WAIS | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, measures intelligence with IQ test |
| TAT | Thematic Apperception Test, provides info about needs, fantasies, interpersonal relationships |
| PET scan | positron emission tomography scan, imaging of metabolic activity in brain using nuclear meds |
| MMPI | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, measures personality characteristics |
| Rorschach | examines integration of emotional and intellectual factors |
| Bender Gestalt | test of visuomotor and spatial tasks |
| MR | mental retardation |
| ADHD | attnetion-defecit/hyperactivity disorder |
| PTSD | posttraumatic stress disorder, extended emotional response to traumatic experience |
| hallucination | unreal sensory perception with no external stimulus |
| depression | dysphoric mood with decrease of activity such as difficulty eating, sleeping, working |
| stupor | lowered level of consciousness |
| dementia | progressive organic disorder causes lack of orientation, stupor, cognitive function |
| cognitive function | ability to comprehend |
| akathisia | relentless ability to sit still |
| blunt affect | reduced range of motions |
| labile affect | widely changeable emotional state |
| libido | normal psychological impulse drive |
| catatonia | psychologically induced immobility |
| defense mechanisms | unconscious psychological coping in the face of stress or threat such as denial and projection |
| dependance syndrome | difficulty in controlling use of drugs |
| schizophrenia | distortions of thinking and perception with intact intellectual capacity |
| another term for borderline schizophrenia | schizotypal disorder |
| acute transient psychotic disorder | acute onset of symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, perceptual disturbances |
| another term for mood disorders | affective disorders |
| two extremes of behavior characterizing bipolar affective disorder | condition of madness, depression |
| example of parasomnia (condition of abnormal sleep) | somnambulism (sleep walking), sleep terrors |
| dysthymia | mild chronic depression that lasts for years but not severe enough for depression diagnosis |
| 3 examples of healthcare term for fear disorder and what they are | acrophobia (fear of heights), agoraphobia (fear of crowds), anthropophobia (fear of scrutiny) |
| dissociative identity disorder | development of multiple personalities resulting from severe stress |
| personality disorders | group of disorders consisting of long standing, inflexible, dysfunctional behavior |
| mild retardation | mental retardation with IQ range of 50 to 69 |
| conduct disorder | persistent aggressive and defiant behaviors |
| Tourette syndrome | involuntary behaviors that include vocalization and repetitive movements |
| five axes of DSM-IV-TR multiaxial evaluation | clinical disorders, MR and personality disorders, general medical conditions, psychosocial environmental problems, GAF |
| ECT | electroconvulsive therapy, treatment for severe mental illness with controlled amount of electricity |
| affective disorders | any group of psychiatric disorders |
| behavioral therapy | attempt at substituting new responses to given stimulus |
| detoxification is initial step in treating what | substance abuse |
| light therapy is used to treat what disorder | seasonal affective disorder |
| dysthymic mood | mild chronic depression that lasts for years but not severe enough for depression diagnosis |
| papill/o | optic disk |
| a/chromat/opsia | vision condition of without color, color blind |
| hemi/an/opsia | vision condition of loss of half of vision field |
| opt/ic nuer/itis | pertaining to inflammation of the optic nerve resulting in blindness |
| presby/opia | lack of vision due to old age |
| ophthalmoscopy | visual exam of interior of eye |
| gonioscopy | visualization of angle of anterior chamber |
| Amsler grid | test to measure central vision |
| Schirmer test | test to determine amount of tear production |
| fluorescein staining | exam of abnormalities of cornea |
| fluorescein angiography | use of injected dye to record suspected retinal disease |
| diopters | measurement units used to determine refraction errors |
| retinal photocoagulation | destruction of retinal lesions with light |
| goniotomy | incision of the Schlemn canal to correct glaucoma |
| Schlemn canal | a circular canal in the eye that drains aqueous humor |
| corneal incision procedure | any keratotomy procedure to correct a refractive error |
| intraocular lenses | implantable contact lens |
| corneal transplant aka keratoplasty | damaged cornea is replaced by the cornea from the eye of a human cadaver |
| trabeculo/tomy | incision into orbital network of eye using laser beam |
| dacryocysto/rhino/stomy | new opening between the tear sacs and nose |
| PRK | photo refractive keratectomy |
| -algia | pain |
| microtia | condition of small ears |
| audiometer | instrument to measure hearing |
| Weber tuning fork test | test of auditory acuity |
| tympanogramty | record of function of eardrum |
| otoscope | instrument to visually examine the ears |
| Rinne tuning fork test | test to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss |
| speech audiometry | measurement of ability to hear and understand speech |
| myringotomy | incision of eardrum |
| otoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the external ear |
| cochlear implant | device implanted in inner ear to stimulate hearing |
| stapedectomy | excision of ossicle that strikes the oval window |
| OM | otitis media, infection of the middle ear |
| TM | tympanic membrane, eardrum |
| OAE | otoacoustic emission, measures an acoustic response that is produced by the inner ear |
| another term for stye | hordeolum, lump on the eyelid |
| epiphora | overflow of tears |
| diabetic retinopathy | disease of retina caused by diabetes |
| retinoblastoma | inherited malignant tumor of the eye present at birth |
| anisocoria | condition of unequally sized pupils |
| nystagmus | involuntary back-and-forth movement of the eye |
| hyphema | blood toward the front of the eye, hemorrhage within the eye |
| retinitis pigmentosa | hereditary disease marked by nyctalopia and progressive loss of visual field |
| glaucoma | group of disorders characterized by abnormal intraocular pressure |
| otosclerosis | development of bone around the oval window resulting in an ankylosis of the stapes |
| ankyl/ose of high frequency | stiffening |
| macrotia | abnormally large auricles |
| cholesteatoma | cystic mass composed of epithelial cells and cholesterol |
| otorrhea | discharge from auditory canal |
| opthalmic sonography | use of high-frequency sound waves to image the interior of the eye |
| opthalmoscopy | visual examination of interior of the eye with ophthalmoscope |
| auditory brainstorm response | placement of electrodes on babies to measure their response to sound |
| intracapsular lens extraction | removal of entire lens and its capsule |
| tympanostomy | opening of the eardrum to insert tubes |
| lubricants | medicine that keeps the eyes moist |
| cycloplegics | medicine that paralyzes the ciliary muscles |
| what disorder is treated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotics, anticholinergics, beta-blockers, alpha-agonists | glaucoma |
| ceruminolytic | medicine used to dissolve earwax |
| otics | type of drug applied directly to ear |
| antibiotics | medicine to reduce infection |
| PDR | proliferative diabetic retinopathy, disease of the retinas increasing rapidly in diabetics |
| ABR | auditory brain response, hearing test using response from brain |
| Snellen test | measures visual acuity |
| ED | emergency department |
| photophobia | sensitivity to light |
| conjuctivitis aka pinkeye | inflammation of lining of white part of eye and underside of the eyelid (conjunctiva) |
| audiologist | hearing specialist |
| another name for pituitary gland | hypophysis, this gland is referred to as master gland bc of its control over endocrine glands |
| hypothalamus | controls pituitary gland |
| thyroid gland | responsible for regulation of body's metabolism and controls amount of calcium deposited into bone |
| adrenal glands are named for what | their location above the kidneys |
| inner part of the adrenal gland | adrenal medulla |
| outer part of adrenal gland | adrenal cortex |
| the endocrine function of the pancreas regulates what | glucose in blood through its hormones glucagon and insulin |
| what is produced if glucose cannot pass out of the bloodstream into the cells to be metabolized | fatty acids and ketones |
| where is the thymus gland located | in the mediastinum above the heart |
| what is the thymus gland responsible for | stimulating key cells in the immune response |
| where is the pineal gland located | in the center of the brain |
| what is the function of the pineal gland | functioning to secrete the hormone mealatin, thought to be responsible for sleep |
| aden/o | gland |
| lob/o | lobe |
| thyr/o | thyroid gland, gland responsible for regulating metabolism |
| calc/o | calcium |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid, glands regulating calcium in the blood |
| ren/o | kidney |
| cortic/o | cortex |
| medull/o | medulla, middle of |
| pancreat/o | pancreas, gland with exocrine and endocrine functions |
| gluc/o | glucose, sugar |
| endo- | within |
| exo- | outside |
| -logy | the study of |
| retro- | backward |
| phag/o | appetite |
| exophthalmia | protrusion of eyeballs from orbits |
| ketoacidosis | excessive quantity of ketone acids in blood |
| sonography | procedure using high-frequency sound waves used to image the pancreas, adrenals, thyroid |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging, detailed images of soft tissues, such as pituitary, pancreas, hypothalamus |
| how can parathyroid dysfunction be detected | through blood test for parathyroid hormone or test for total calcium |
| urine glucose | test that can be used to screen for diabetes mellitus |
| glucometer | way to measure blood sugar |
| Ca | calcium |
| K | potassium |
| Na | sodium |
| OT | oxytocin |
| hypothyroidism | condition of under active thyroid gland |
| acromegaly | enlargement of extremities |
| renal calculi | kidney stones |
| Synthyroid | thyroid hormone |
| -oma | tumor |
| malignant | tumors that are considered to be cancerous |
| carcinoma | the most common type of malignant cancer |
| myeloma | cancer cells that derive from plasma cells in the bone marrow |
| healthy cells are what | well differentiated |
| grading | determination of the edge of dedifferentiation of cancer cells |
| staging | system of determining how far a cancer has spread from its original site |
| primary site | site where cancer originates |
| pack years | the number of packs of cigs smoked per day X the number of years of smoking |
| history section of a patient's medical record | information regarding previous diet, alcohol use, family members with cancer |
| tumor markers | levels of biochemical substances present in the blood that may indicate neoplastic activity |
| brachytherapy | treatment with radioactive beads near or inside the cancer |
| lymph node mapping | determination of the spread of the primary tumor through the lymph nodes |
| sentinel node | first node in which lymphatic drainage occurs |
| en bloc resection | removal of tumor and lymph nodes |
| margins | borders of normal tissue surrounding the cancer |
| immunotherapy | use of the body's own defense system to attack cancer cells |
| CAM | complementary and alternative medicine, prayer & massage & exercise & mind-body techniques |
| 3DCRT | three-dimensional targeted radiation treatment on tumors without damaging surrounding tissue |
| G | grade |
| FOBT | fecal occult blood test |
| CTR | certified tumor register |
| TNM | tumor-nodes-metastases |
| SPECT | single-photon emission computed tomography |
| metastases | transfer of disease |
| PSA | prostate-specific antigen, tumor marker used to detect prostate cancer |
| TA-90 | tumor marker used to detect the spread of malignant melanoma |
| AFP | alpha-fetaprotein, tumor marker with increased levels which indicate liver or testicular cancer |
| BTA | bladder tumor antigen, tumor marker for bladder cancer |
| NSE | neuron-specific enolase, tumor marker used to measure stage of response to treatment of small cell cancer and neuroblastoma |
| B2M | beta-2 microglobulin, levels of this tumor marker are elevated in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
| CA 15-3 | tumor marker used to determine the stage of breast cancer |
| CEA | carcinoembryonic antigen, tumor marker that measures response to treatment in colorectal cancer |
| CA27-29 | useful test for recurrences of breast cancer |
| CA19-9 | this tumor marker has elevated levels in the presence of stomach, colorectal, pancreatic cancer |
| CA125 | ovarian cancer can be detected and managed by this tumor marker |
| dx | diagnosis |
| BSE | breast self-examination |
| T1 | tumor |
| NO | nodes |
| MO | metastases, transfer of disease |
| mets | metastases, transfer of disease |
| seminoma | testicular cancer |
| multiple myeloma | multiple tumors in the bone marrow |
| adenocarcinomas | cancer of gland tissue |
| grade 1 - grade 5 cancer | least to deadliest cancer |
| well differentiated | cells that retain most of intended function |
| metastatic | rapid transfer of disease |
| lumpectomy | removal of tumor only |
| Pap smear | test for vaginal and cervical cancer |
| severe dysplasia | severe abnormal formation |
| radiotherapy | treatment with radiation |
| chemotherapy | treatment with chemical agents |
| crin/o | endocrine glands, make hormones |
| the exocrine function of the pancreas regulates what | digestive juices |
| -onin | hormone |
| paresthesia | partial feeling |
| -sone | steroid |
| natural body operates on what | physics (shape) and chemistry |
| tissue | cells come together to form tissue |
| meta- | change |
| cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition |
| -penia | deficiency of |
| thrombocyt | platelets |
| are all neoplasms cancerous | no |
| chemical messengers used by the endocrine system to regulate body functions | hormones |