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TeamSpence- SR & E
Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Theories from whom had dominated scientific thought throughout the middle ages? | classical Greek and Roman authorities |
| Astronomers and physicists based their understanding of the world on what? | direct observation and mathematical reasoning |
| During what time period did the the scientific revolution occur? | 17th - 18th centuries |
| What weakened the influence of churches in western Europe? | encouraged development of secular values |
| Who composed "Almagest", which synthesized theories about the universe? | Greek scholar, Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria |
| What was Ptolemy's vision of the universe? | a motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow rotating spheres |
| What were the small circular revolutions that planets made around a point in their spheres? | epicycles |
| Who published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres?" | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| How did Copernicus's theory differ from Ptolemy's? | he thought that the sun stood at the center of the universe rather than the earth |
| Why were most reactions to Copernicus's new sun - centered theory not very supportive? | they challenged prevailing scientific theories and threatened cherished religious beliefs |
| Scientists and astronomers sided with which theory? | Copernicus's sun - centered theory |
| Which two mathematicians helped to prove wrong the Ptolemaic universe? | Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei |
| What shape were planetary orbits proven to be? | elliptical instead of circular |
| How were the heavens proven to be? | constantly changing instead of perfect |
| Which instrument helped Galileo observe the universe? | the telescope |
| What were some sightings as a result of the telescope? | sun spots and mountains on the moon |
| What sights did Galileo observe that nobody had ever seen before? | four of the moons orbiting Jupiter and previously unknown distant stars |
| What was Galileo's contribution to terrestrial motion? | velocity of falling objects depends on their height rather than their weight |
| What is the law of inertia? | a moving body will continue to move in a straight line until another force intervenes |
| Who published "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy?" | Isaac Newton |
| What did the laws of universal gravitation and motion help explain? | ebb and flow of the tides |
| Which sciences were throughouly rethought during the 17th - 18th centuries? | anatomy, physiology, microbiology, chemistry, and botany |
| What was the ambitious project to transform human thought and to use reason to transform the world? | the Enlightenment |
| Enlightenment thinkers sought to discover what? | natural laws that governed human society |
| Who worked to discover the natural laws of politics? | English philosopher, John Locke |
| What were Locke's beliefs? | attack divine right theories and advocate constitutional government |
| What did Locke provided theoretical justification for? | the Glorious Revolution and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England |
| Who worked to discover the natural laws of economic affairs? | Scottish philosopher, Adam Smith |
| What were Smith's beliefs? | laws of supply and demand determined what happens in the marketplace |
| Who sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state? | French nobleman, Baron de Montesquieu |
| Where was the center of Enlightenment thought? | France |
| What were prominent intellectuals called? | philosophes |
| What was the difference between philosophes and philosophers? | philosophes addressed their works more to educate the public rather than scholars |
| Who epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment? | Voltaire |
| When did Voltaire publish his first book? | age seventeen |
| How many total writings were there by Voltaire? | some ten thousand letters and filled seventy volumes |
| Who were the targets of Voltaire's writings? | the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic church |
| Voltaire's battle cry was what? | "crushed the damned thing" referring to the church which he considered an agent of oppression |
| Most philosophes were of which religion? | Deism |
| How did Deism differ from other faiths? | believed in the existence of a god but denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity |
| What were deists's beliefs? | a powerful god set the universe in motion and established natural laws then set back and didn't intervene further |
| What was the theory of progress? | most philosophes were optimistic about the future of the world and humanity and believed in constant progress |
| Philosophes's wished for what? | progress, prosperity, and social harmony |
| What were the results of the Enlightenment? | thorough cultural transformation of European society and weakened the influence of organized religion |
| What types of writings were done by philosophes? | histories, novels, dramas, satires, and pamphlets on religious, moral, and political issues |
| Voltaire's formal name was what? | Francois - Marie Arouet |
| Voltaire held the church responsible for what? | fanaticism, intolerance, and human suffering |
| What were the three religions that most all philosophes were apart of? | Christianity, Atheism, or Deism |
| Whose work symbolized the Scientific Revolution? | Isaac Newton |
| What controls the pull of the moon and the orbits of heavenly bodies? | gravity |
| What were the two debated theories of the universe? | heliocentric and geocentric models |
| What inspired the Enlightenment? | the Scientific Revolution |
| Who believed that a government should be overthrown by the people if it fails to protect their rights? | John Locke |
| Who is known for the concept of "separation of powers?" | Baron de Montesquieu |
| What is the belief that reason can be used to discover basic truths about the world? | rationalism |
| Who formed three laws on planetary motion and proved his findings through the use of math? | Johann Kepler |
| Who believed in the rigid division of gender roles, the ridding of corruption, and learning through nature? | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| What is the method in which a problem is identified, data is gathered, a hypothesis is formed, and a test is carried out? | the scientific method |
| Who believed that the four elements - earth, water, fire, and air - all obey different natural laws? | Aristotle |
| Socially prominent women deeply influenced the development of Enlightenment by organizing and maintaining what? | salons - gatherings where philosophes, scientists, and intellectuals discussed the leading ideas of the day |
Created by:
bobbiejo
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