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TeamSpence Japan
TeamSpence Japan 1600-present
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did the Tokugawa dynasty begin and end? Who created it? | It began in 1600 and ended in 1867 with the Meiji Restoration. Tokugawa Ieyasu created it. |
| What type of military government did he establish? | Tokugawa bakufu |
| What is the Tokugawa bakufu? | A temporary government to replace that of the emperors. It means tent government. |
| How did Tokugawa Ieyasu consolidate his power? | He consolidated his power in Edo, where he made sure he had vassals around him. He also used military campaigns to those who opposed him. |
| Who did the Tokugawa Shogunate create a strong relationship with? | The Emperor and the Imperial court. |
| What was the principal aim of the Tokugawa Shoguns? | To stabilize their realm and prevent the return of civil war. |
| What did Daimyo mean and who were they? | Daimyo means "great names" and they were powerful territorial lords that ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary landholdings. |
| What did the Daimyo do? | They maintained a government staffed by military subordinates, supported an independent judiciary, established schools, and circulated paper money. |
| By the mid-sixteenth century what did the Daimyo establish? | Relations with European mariners |
| What did the Daimyo learn from European mariners? | They learned how to manufacture and use gunpowder weapons. |
| Where did the Shogunate govern? | He governed his own personal domain at Edo, where he sought to extend his control to the daimyo. |
| What modern city is Edo? | Tokyo |
| What is the policy of "alternate attendance"? | This required the daimyo to maintain their families at Edo and spend every other year at the Tokugawa court. |
| What did this policy allow the shoguns to do? | This enabled them to keep an eye on the daimyo. |
| What side effect did it also cause? | It encouraged them to spend their money on lavish residences and comfortable lives in Edo. |
| The shoguns subjected marriage alliances to bakufu approval between who? | Daimyo families |
| What did the shoguns make the daimyo do and not do? | The shoguns discouraged the daimyo from visiting one another. It also required them to get permits for construction work on their castles. |
| Did meetings between the daimyo and the emperor require the shogun's permission? | Yes |
| How did the Tokugawa shoguns prevent European influences from destabilizing the land? | The shoguns closely controlled relations between Japan and the outside world. |
| In the 1630's the shoguns issued a series of edicts that did what? | Sharply restricted Japanese relations with other lands. |
| How long did this policy remain in effect? | More than 2 centuries |
| What did this policy forbid? | Japanese couldn't go abroad on pain of death and it prohibited the construction of large ships. |
| What other things did it do? | It expelled Europeans from Japan, prohibited foreign merchants from trading in Japanese ports, and forbade the import of foreign books. |
| What did it allow? | It allowed a small number of Chinese and Dutch merchants to trade under tight restrictions. |
| What port city were the Chinese and Dutch allowed to trade at? | Nagasaki |
| Did this policy ever lead to the complete isolation of Japan from the outside world? | No |
| During the Tokugawa period who did Japan trade with? | China, Korea, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, and the Dutch |
| In many parts of Japan villages moved away from Subsistence farming to what favor? | Production for the market |
| Between 1600 and 1700 what happened? | Agriculture production doubled |
| What played a key role in limited population growth between 1700 and 1850? | Contraception, late marriage, and abortion |
| What was the "thinning out the rice shoots"? | A principal control measure of infanticide |
| Why did some families result to this practice? | Primarily because Japan was land poor. |
| The Japanese social hierarchy followed what belief? | Confucian precepts in ranking the ruling elites. This included the shogun, daimyo, and samurai warriors. |
| Who were beneath the ruling elite? | Peasants and Artisans |
| Who were beneath the Peasants and Artisans? | Merchants |
| What did Tokugawa authorities do to reduce the numbers of armed professional warriors? | They made daimyo and samurai to become bureaucrats and government functionaries. |
| To further reduce the numbers of armed professional warriors what did they do? | They even encouraged the daimyo and samurai to turn their talents to scholarship. |
| When the daimyo and samurai lost their position in society what happened? | The ruling elite fell into financial difficulty. To resolve their issues they collected income of rice from peasants. |
| As a result of this new income of rice what happened to many of the daimyos? | They became indebted to rice brokers and then declined to poverty. |
| By the 1700's what class had the majority wealth, even more than the ruling elite? | Merchants |
| The Tokugawa shoguns promoted the neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi because? | It provided a respectable ideological underpinning for the bakufu. |
| By the 18th Century neo-Confucianism became what of the Tokugawa bakufu? | the official ideology |
| By the 18th Century scholars of "native learning" did what? | They scorned neo-Confucianism and even Buddhism as alien cultural imports. |
| These "native learning" scholars recognized what indigenous religion instead? | Shinto |
| What were "floating worlds"? | These were centers of Tokugawa urban culture where the entertainment and pleasure quarters. These places had teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths. |
| What was kabuki theater? | Lively skits with lyric singing, dancing, and spectacular staging. |
| What was bunraku theater? | A puppet theater with a story told by music and acted out by puppets. |
| Japanese Shoguns feared that Christianity would do what? | Serve as a cultural bridge for alliances between daimyo and European adventurers. |
| What did the decrees ordering a halt to Christianity do? | The Japanese tortured and executed European missionaries and Japanese Christians who refused to leave the islands. |
| What did "Dutch learning" do? | It brought a lot of knowledge of the outside world to Japan. |
| What factors caused the decline of the Tokugawa Period? | Declining agricultural productivity, periodic crop failures and famines, and harsh taxation. |
| Few cultivators prospered during this period but what happened to those who didn't? | Many had to sell their land become tenant farmers. |
| Between 1941 and 1943 the shoguns advisor, Mizuno Tadakuni, made many conservative reforms like? | He cancelled debts that samurai and daimyo owed to merchants, abolished several merchant guilds, and asked peasants to return to the land. |
| Were these reforms effective? | Most of his reforms were ineffective and caused him to be driven out of office. |
| Beginning in 1844 when Japan refused the British, French, and U.S. ships seeking diplomatic, what did the U.S. do? | In 1853 a U.S. naval squadron arrived in Tokyo Bay to change the situation. |
| After Commodore Matthew C. Perry trained his guns on the bakufu capital what did he say? | He demanded that the Shogun open Japan to diplomatic and commercial relations and sign a treaty of friendship. |
| When the shogun agreed to Perry's demands and to those of Britain, the Netherlands, and Russia's Japan was forced to do what? | Tokugawa officials signed a series of Unequal Treaties that opened Japanese ports to foreign commerce and granted foreigners extraterritorial rights. |
| What did the daimyo and samurai do after the Tokugawa complied with the demands of the U.S? | They aroused opposition and questioned the shoguns right to rule Japan as "subduer of barbarians." Opposition spread rapidly and by 1858 the court of Kyoto was lead in opposition. |
| How did the Tokugawa officials respond to the opposition? | They vigorously responded by forcibly retiring dissident daimyo and executing or imprisoning samurai critics. |
| After the Tokugawa Dynasty who took over? | On 3 January 1368 the boy emperor Mutsuhito or Meiji took the reigns of power. |
| What does Meiji mean? | "Enlightened Rule" |
| The Meiji restoration did what? | It returned authority to the Japanese emperor and brought an end to the series of military governments. |
| The Meiji restoration marked the birth of a new Japan which formed a new government dedicated to which 2 goals? | "rich country, strong army" |
| Meiji government took to the industrial lands of Europe and the U.S. to obtain what? | Knowledge and expertise to strengthen Japan and win revisions of the unequal treaties. |
| After Meiji leaders convinced the daimyo to yield their lands to the throne in exchange for patents of nobility they did what? | Replaced the old domains with prefectures and metropolitan districts controlled by the central government. Reformers then appointed new prefectural governors to prevent the revival of old domains. |
| Daimyo felt removed from power, but they also got rid of what class? | Samurai |
| When the Meiji government converted the grain tax into a fixed money tax it left the peasants and government with what? | The peasants were left to deal with price fluctuations. It provided the government with predictable revenues. |
| Despite the rulers' belief that constitutions gave foreign powers unity the emperor did what? | In 1889 the emperor promulgated the Meiji constitution as "a voluntary gift? to his people. |
| What did this document establish? | It made a constitutional monarchy with a legislature, called the Diet. |
| The establishment of telegraph, railroad, and steamship lines did what? | It tied local and regional markets into a national economic network. |
| In remodeling the economy the government did what? | Removed barriers to commerce and trade by abolishing guild restrictions and internal affairs. |
| In order to improve literacy rates the government did this? | Established a system of universal primary and secondary education. Universities provided advanced institution for the best students. |
| During the 1880's when the government sold most of its enterprises to private investors it led to what? | A concentration of enormous economic power in the hands of small group of people or Zaibatsu. |
| What is a Zaibatsu? | Financing Cliques |
| By 1879 Japan had established their hegemony over what two places? | Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands |
| The Japanese drive to empire began in the east Asian islands with what? | During the 1870's Japanese leaders consolidated their hold on Hokkaido and the Kurile Islands to the North. |
| After 1876 when Japan purchased modern warships from Britain they used it against who? | The newly strengthened Japanese Navy immediately began to flex its muscles in Korea. |
| Meiji officials forced Korean leaders to submit to what? | The same kind of unequal treaty that the U.S. and European states had imposed on Japan. |
| What was the cause of the Sino-Japanese War? | An antiforeign rebellion broke out in Korea in 1893. Meiji leaders feared that this would bring foreign influence. Qing rulers tried to reassert Chinese authority in Korea, but Meiji leaders were unwilling to allow that. |
| Describe the Sino-Japanese War? | In August 1894 Meiji leaders declared war on China. The Japanese navy gained control of the Yellow Sea. They then pushed the Qing out of the Korean Peninsula. |
| What were the decisions made after the war? | Qing recognized the independence of Korea, making a dependency of Japan. They ceded Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula, and the Pescadores Islands. Japan gained unequal treaty rights in China. |
| When did the Russo-Japanese War? | 1904 |
| When did the Russo-Japanese War end? | 1905 |
| What is the Russo-Japanese War? | Japanese forces overran Russian installations before reinforcements could arrive from Europe. The new navy destroyed the Baltic fleet. Japan won the brief War. |
| What did Japan recieve after they won? | International recognitions of its colonial authority of Korea and the Liaodong Peninsula. Russia ceded the southern half of Sakhalin island to Japan. |
| Victory in the Russo-Japanese War transformed Japan into a what? | Major Imperial Power |
| After the Meiji restoration in Japan a large contingent of Japanese laborers migrated to where? | They migrated to Hawaii to work on sugar plantations. Others went to work in guano mines in Peru. |
| When the Germans refused to withdraw their warships from Japanese and Chinese waters Japan declared war on what date? | August 23, 1914 |
| What side of the war were they on? | Allied Powers |
| During the year of 1914 Japanese forces took possession of what German held places? | The Marshall Islands, the Mariana Islands, Palau, and the Carolines. |
| Japan offered China secretly the Twenty-One Demands on January 18, 1915, which were what? | If the terms were accepted it would have reduced China to a protectorate of Japan, grant Japanese industrial monopolies in central China, place Japanese overseers in key government positions, and give Japan joint control of Chinese police forces. |
| Japan shrewdly exploited Allied support and European preoccupation to do what? | To advance its own imperial interests in China. |
| When the Stock Market crashed in 1929 Japan suffered badly because of? | Japan relied on exports of manufactured goods to pay for imported fuel and food. |
| Japan felt the depressions effects almost immediately in what? | Unemployment in export oriented sectors of the economy skyrocketed as companies cut back on production. |
| Political and economic frustrations made fertile ground for fascist appeals and potential fascist movements sprang up in Japan during when? | 1930's |
| After the Great War Japan joined what famous organization? | The League of Nations as one of the "big five" powers. |
| At the Washington Conference treaties in 1922 Japan agreed to do what? | Limit naval development, pledged to evacuate Shandong province of China, and guaranteed China's territorial integrity. |
| In 1928 Japan signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact which did what? | It renounced war as an instrument of national policy. |
| Japan's limited involvement in the Great War gave a dual boost to its economy with what? | Japanese businesses profited from selling munitions and other goods to the Allies throughout the war. |
| When war caused Europe's trading nations to neglect Asian markets Japan faced many serious challenges? | Rapid Inflation, Labor unrest by 1918, and a serious of recessions. |
| The Great Depression caused Japan many problems? | Plummeting industrial production, massive layoffs, declining trade, and financial chaos. |
| The male suffrage law of 1925 did what? | Established male suffrage |
| What is the Mukden Incident? | On the night of September 18, 1931 Japanese troops used explosives to blow up part of the Japanese built South Manchuria Railway. The Chinese were then accused of attacking their railroad. |
| Jiang Jieshi appealed to the League of Nations to halt Japanese aggression which caused what? | The leage called for the withdrawal of Japanese forces and for the restoration of Chinese Sovereignty. The Japanese immediately followed by leaving the league. |
| Seeing territorial control as essential to its survival Japan did what? | They launched a full scale invasion of China in 1937. Japanese took Beijing and then moved to Shanghai and Nanjing. Japanese air forces bombed Shanghai. |
| The government of Japan aligned itself with Germany and Italy by signing what pact? | The ten year military and economic pact or the Tripartite Pact in September 1940. |
| Japan made way for further empire building in Asia and the Pacific by signing what pact with the Soviet Union. | They concluded a neutrality pact with the Soviet Union in April 1941. |
| When the U.S. froze Japanese assets in the U.S. and imposing a complete embargo on oil the Japanese did what? | On December 7th, 1941 the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. The Japanese devastated the Pacific naval power. |
| After Pearl Harbor who did Japan attack? | The Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, Hong Kong, Thailand, and British Malaya. |
| The Japanese were defeated at Midway when the US attacked Japanese fleets with what? | They attacked Japanese fleets with their remaining carriers. The U.S. secret weapon was a code breaking operation called Magic. It monitored Japanese radio frequencies. |
| The Japanese introduced the Kamikaze which were? | Pilots who volunteered to fly planes with just enough fuel to reach an allied ship and dive bomb into it. |
| On August 6h and 9th 1945 the United States used the atomic bomb on the cities of? | Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| Emperor Hirohito surrendered on what date? | August 15th 1945 |
| During the war Japanese forcibly recruited women to serve in military brothels called comfort houses, which were what? | These houses were consolidation centers. The army presented the women to the troops as a gift from the emperor. Comfort Women faced the same risks as soldiers. |
| How many deaths did Japan have in World War ll? | 2 million people |
| What helped the Japanese economy regain its prewar level of productivity by 1949? | U.S. policies jump started Japan's economic revival. |
| How did the U.S. help Japan's economy? | The U.S. gave financial aid, investment, and the abandonment of war reparations. There were no restrictions on the entry of Japanese products into the U.S. market. The U.S. played a key role as Japan's military protector. |
| Without Japan's huge empire and lack of resources they did what? | They promoted an economic policy that emphasized export oriented growth supported by low wages. |
| During the 1960's Japanese companies used their profits and switched to a what? | A more capital-intensive manufacturing and producing radios, television sets, motorcycles, and automobiles. |
| What did Japan do in the 1970's? | Japanese corporations took advantage of a highly trained and educated workforce. They shifted their economic resources toward a highly trained and educated workforce. Then they shifted their economic resources toward technology intensive products. |
| By the 1980's Japan seemed poised to take over who as the worlds largest economy? | The United States |
| However though by the 1990's it became clear that postwar growth rates were not sustainable so the Japanese entered into a what? | Japan sputtered into a recession that has continued into the twenty first century. |
| When the Mattel Corporation wanted to market Barbie in Japan it had to do what? | Adjust to Japanese cultural sensibilities. Japanese girls preferred Licca, a doe eyed brunette younger doll. |
Created by:
Tayyybug
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