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Hist 22 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Preconditions for Industrial Revolution | raw materials, markets to sell products, capital for investment, sense in society that commerce is good, agricultural surplus |
| cycle of industrial revolution | population growth->cheap labor and growing market + technology and capital = high profits. High profits-> more investment/factories-> more production-> more jobs-> more income for more people -> more population growth |
| Why did the Industrial Revolution Happen in Europe? (Things unique to Europe) | religious reformation(profit not a sin/possessive individualism), scientific revolution(technology), passive governments(fewer restrictions), overseas empires(raw materials, markets, labor, etc) |
| Why did the industrial revolution happen in England first? | textiles, raw materials from colonies, markets in the colonies, capital for investment, CITY OF LONDON, broad/growing middle class. |
| City of London | like wall street, effienct way to handle money, smooth banking system, reliable, currency conversion. Insurance- pool in money and share risk with others, |
| Traditional Society | rural, agricultural, 2 classes: peasants and nobles. Very conservative, resistant to change, strong religious monopoly, rulers sanctioned by God, kin/inherited power, corporatism |
| corporatism | everyone has a place in society. society is like a body. No social mobility |
| 5 liberal beliefs | Individualism, competition, work ethic, private property, equality |
| individualism (liberal) | no restrictions on individual, small govt, laissez faire, individuals no part of group/class. |
| competition (liberal) | survival of the fittest, people sorted by ability not blood. "Natural purifier" or "unseen hand" |
| work ethic (liberal) | hard work gets you to top, money is reward for hard work, no welfare system; rich are good, poor are bad. |
| private property (liberal) | basic sacred human right, sign of virtue, sign of successful competition |
| equality (liberal) | equality of birth, all men created equal, equality of opportunity, not nobility by birth/blood |
| liberal politics | free speech, civil rights, bill of rights, personal liberty, freedom from interference, civil/judicial equality before law, written constitutions(rather than custom/tradition) |
| criticism of liberalism | poor folks, unsuccessful competitors, unpropertied masses, those who want land reform. Say liberals want equality, bu tfail to include poor |
| liberal constitution restrictions on equality | property qualifications to vote, indirect elections, upper/lower legislature, strong executive with veto power |
| democrats | property is illogical(based on selfish exclusion), property is source of inequality and injustice, all men are not equal because money has replaced blood, sort of like socialism* |
| democratic constitution- to equalize | universal suffrage, direct elections, unicameral legislature, weak executive |
| Marxism | created by Karl Marx, socialism that grows out of democratic movement, need for economic equality- based on dialectical materialism |
| dialectics | everything contains the seeds of its own destruction. Theres a thesis and an antithesis that will eventually collide in synthesis. |
| materialism | only real things are things that we can see, touch, measure. Everything else is a figment of our minds. Economy is the only real thing |
| Marx's 3 Stages of History (linear) | Feudalism--> Capitalism--> Socialism |
| Feudalism- Form of Economy/Mode of Production | Agriculture/ Agrarian |
| Feudalism- Classes (Relationship to economy/ who owns production) | Nobles(own property, control production, ruling class) and peasants (workers/farmers, sell labor) |
| Feudalism- Superstructure | politics: decentralized power to nobles, religion: created by ruling class as tool of social control |
| Antithesis to Feudalism | surplus value(food) when feudalism is thriving creates a middle class of traders/urbanization. New "bourgeoisie" middle class doesnt fit feudalism(dialectic) and some bourgeoisie become wealthier than nobles/challenge them |
| Capitalism- Form of Economy/Mode of Production | commerce and industry |
| Capitalism- Classes | bourgeoisie(ruling class) and proletariats(workers) |
| Capitalism- Superstructure | politics: big territories for easier trade, business, war, expansion/imperialism |
| Antithesis to Capitalism | surplus value(production) and profit of bourgeoisie because of workers labor = theft. Progressive impoverishment, boom and bust is bad for poor during bust, imperialist wars. Marx says proletariat will eventually overthrow capitalism |
| Socialism- Form of Economy/Mode of Production | high tech/futuristic, enough of everything for everyone, no shortages(no need for personal property), no wealth, no money |
| Socialism- Classes | everyone is owner/nonowner, everyone is same class, everyone has same relationship to goods |
| Socialism- Superstructure | no politics, no government, no religion, no cops, etc |
| Antithesis to Socialism | Marx says there isnt one. Socialism is "the end of history" = paradise |
| Criticism of Socialism | everything is dialectic, so there must be an antithesis to socialism. No govt/cops/control: what about the competiveness of human nature. |
| 4 Motives for Imperialism | theories of racial superiority, civilizing mission, national prestige/competition, economics |
| theories of racial superiority | Social Darwinism, some humans are superior to others, human as species, racial characteristics, hierarchy of races, natural compeition amongst races, superior races must civilize inferior(vs. Nationalist which is not aggressive, just patriotic) |
| civilizing mission | Duty of whites to help out the inferior. White Man's Burden- Africans as Children. Teach Christianity, science, language, missionary impulse |
| National prestige, competition and security | Cecil Rhodes- military need for colonies. Makes countries great and powerful, have more influence in world, naval bases, coaling stations |
| economics | political control(military force), and economic- exploit colonies for cheap labor, raw materials, markets, not necessarily conquered politically |
| Alliances (purpose) | designed to prevent war, cost of war will all a country's allies is too high |
| Central Powers | Austria, Italy, Germany |
| Triple Entente | Russia, France, England |
| Power of mobilization | trains run on strict timetables, everything synchronized, once trains are mobilized, they cant be stopped |
| 6 Causes of World War I | Imperialist rivalries, heightened national pride, arms race, internal dissent, rigid alliances, technology of mobilization |
| The Schlieffen Plan | Germany's plan for quick war; involves fast movement- overrun Belgium, fall on France (before Britain can help), encircle Paris, hold Russians in East until France falls |
| Why were Russians defeated? | poorly equipped, not enough technology, not enough industrialization, military positions given by status, not ability/training |
| Stalemate/ Trenchs- Why? | Germans turned toon soon and ended up in north of paris. France saves Paris. All of north france becomes trenches |
| Date of WWI armistice | November 11, 1918 |
| Treaty of Versailles issues (5) | Russia(communism might spread), Germany("loser" of war, borders?, govt?, etc), Map of Europe(new borders?), Preventing Future wars(intl organization?), colonies(decolonization or not?) |
| Treaty of Versailles Decisions | Russia(food aid, armed intervention, isolation), Germany(split up territory,military weakened,reparations) Map of Europe(new countries based on econ viability not compatibility),Preventing Future Wars(League of Nations), Colonies(system of mandates) |
| Romanov Dynasty | in power for about 300 years, autocracy, leader is Tsar Nicholas II (unfit to deal with changes), very conservative |
| Duma | looks like a parliament, but has no real power- can debate and suggest things |
| intelligentsia | small, slow growing educated class, inspired by Europeans, critics of government. Wanted Russia to be reformed to catch up (modernization of govt, military modernization, industrialization) |
| proletariat | work in factories, used to be peasants; government stops them from unionizing so they meet in secret |
| peasants(Russia) | 80-85% of population, primitive agricultural techniques, land is owned by nobility, land is communal and redistributed every year (each family gets little strips everywhere)--> not efficient. Want land reform |
| Lena Goldfield Massacre | Occurred in 1912; workers striked and troops shot at the crowd |
| Russia during the War | 27-45% of labor force drafted, production disrupted. Martial Law from July 1914, fixed wages, strikes outlawed, Bolsheviks outlawed(because of their theory of war), food shortages, rationing, defeats |
| What does Tsar Nicholas II do in 1916 to lift morale during war? | goes to front and becomes the head of command- loses credibility because now everyone blames him for defeats |
| Feb 18 1917 Putilov Wildcat Strike | fight broke out in huge factory. Workers refused to come back, so they were locked out on Feb 22 |
| Feb 23 International Women's Day | traditionally a peacful day, but it turned political in 1917. Women carried signs putting down govt |
| Feb 25 1917- Russia | general strike in city |
| Feb 25-26 1917- Russia | Tsar orders restoration of order, but garrison army in capital distributes arms to crowd, mutiny, etc |
| Feb 27 1917 | Tsar's govt vanishes |
| 2 committees that sprang up after Tsar govt falls | provisional government and Petrograd Soviet |
| provisional government | middle class, liberals, take control until constitution is written |
| Petrograd Soviet | moderate socialists, "the democracy", establish veto power, want constitution |
| End of Romanov Dynasty | March 1, 1917, duma convinces Nicholas to give up throne. On March2, he abdicates throne |
| Bolshevik Return to Russia | Lenin works with Germans to get from Switzerland to Russia, Bolsheviks come back, most think revolution is over, but Lenin still wants more revolution |
| April Theses | Lenin voices his desire for immediate revolution to socialism/communism |
| Alexander Kerensky | head of provisional government, liberal (slightly moderate socialist) |
| General Kornilov | head of the Right opposition to Bolsheviks, provisonal government and petrograd soviet |
| peasants demands to provisional govt | want land reform without compensation, but provisional govt is liberal, so they wont take away private property |
| soldier demands to provisional govt | want peace, but provisional govt cant end war because of allies |
| workers demands to provisional govt | want 8 hr day, higher wages, workers management, but provisional govt cant tell factory owners to do these things |
| The July Days- 1917 | provisional government orders offensive against Germans, and sailors, soldiers, and Bolsheviks are outraged. There is an armed demonstration, but provisional govt puts it down. Bolsheviks are outlawed again because provisional govt accuses them of revolt |
| The Kornilov Affair | Kornilov(right) and savage divison massacres leftists. March on Petrograd to restore conservative order, establish dictatorship. Kerensky(provisional govt) calls upon Bolsheviks and Red Guards defeat Kornilov(confused trains)--> Bolsheviks now heros |
| Septemeber 1917 (Russia) | Bolsheviks gain majority in Petrograd Soviet. Lenin says this is justification for creating own socialist govt to run country.When this doesnt work, he appeals to Bolsheviks as Marxists and says its their obligation to future generations to turn socialist |
| The October Revolution- Russia | Red Guards seize Petrograd. At second Congress of Soviets, Lenin tells moderate socialists that he wants them to have power, but they must rule by his ideas. They dont like this, so they storm out, giving Lenin a majority. Bolshevik govt got ratified |
| Storming of the Winter Palace | Red Guards got Women's Battalion of Death drunk, so sober Bolsheviks could go inside and arrest Provisional government. Fabricated event to look bloody and glorious |
| Battle Cruiser Aurora | also a fabricated event. Sailors drove it downtown, parked it across from Winter Palace and threw shells at provisional governement |
| Bread peace Land | slogan used by Bolsheviks as propaganda to gain support |
| Confucian Tradition | very conservative, frozen corporate society, punished resistance, little interaction with rest of world because they thougt rest of world was barabaric. Result=little modernization/industrialism= easy prey for imperialism |
| Mandarins | highly educated Chinese nobility. Had long identifying braids |
| Manchu Dynasty | rule since the 1600s, divine emperor from heaven (just a boy) so Dowager Empress ruled for him; backed by Mandarins and landlords. Corrupted, bribes, no constitution, rule by tradition |
| Opium Wars (1839-1842) | British imperialism forced opium on China |
| Spheres of influence | British, Russians, French, Germans, all had personal spheres of influence in Chinese economy |
| US Open Door Policy | says every country has has equal right to trade everywhere (they get own sphere and can participate in other trading spheres too) |
| treaty ports | China loses control of ports, customs, duties, tariffs, etc |
| concessions | independent areas leased to foreigners where foreign laws ruled |
| extraterritoriality | laws and sovereignty go with the person, not the country |
| Boxers | "Righteous Harmony Bands"; secret society against foreigners and Manchu corruption/sell out to foreigners. |
| Boxer Revolt 1900 | Empress sided first with Boxers, the with foreigners. Western troops and Japanese put down rebellion; shows xenophobia, and discredits Empress because she sided with foreigners |
| Sun Yat-Sen | wanted to overthrow Manchu, establish liberal republic, power based on the people. Formed United League(broad based society to overcome Manchus and foreigners), dozens of failed revolutionary attempts |
| October 10, 1911 Hankow Bomb | Sun Yat-Sen and followers assembled a bomb, it accidentally exploded and Manchu police came and found names of Sun Yat-Sen followers. The Sun followers call upon local army officers who help them seize the city |
| 1911 Revolution in China | October Revolt spread across south. Progressive Peoples Assemblies shoot up in vaccum. Nanking becomes revolutionary capitkl and Sun Yat-Sen elected as president |
| Yuan Shi-Kai | seizes power in North China with militarists and warlords (military regime) |
| 1912 Negotiation between Yuan Shi-Kai and Sun Yat-Sen | Sun steps down and Yuan supports a Republic |
| Guomintang | Nationalist party- liberals who are loyal to Sun Yat-Sen; attacked by Yuan Shi Kai |
| Japan involvement in China | Japan moves in after death of Yuan in 1916 and props up boy emperor Pu Yi as a puppet |
| 1919 May 4 Student movement | attacked foreigners (like Boxers) |
| Mao Zedong | formed Chinese Communist Party in 1921 (with peasants as the revolting class) |
| Chiang Kai-Shek | becomes leader of the Guomintang after Sun Yat-Sen dies in 1925 |
| 1927-1934 Nationalist Guomintang vs Communists | At first, Guomintang and Communists were allied to defeat warlords, but then Chiang orderes massacre of communists in 1927, forcing communists to retreat to countryside |
| guerilla warfare | hit and retreat- developed by Mao Zedong and communists while in countryside |
| 1930s in China | 1931- Japanese seize Manchuria in north. 1934- Chiang Kai Shek attacks communists- Long March. 1937- Japan invades north China, wants Asia for Asians. 1937- Nanking Massacre. 1937-45 Rape of China |
| Porfirio Diaz | ruled Mexico from 1876-1911. Had very conservative and corrupt government |
| Problems with Diaz's government | 1) Political Control by Cliques, 2) Economic control by cliques, 3) Rural Poverty, 4) Foreign Presence |
| Political Control by Cliques (Diaz) | small groups of old landowners, bankers, merchants, clergy, served as government members, in place for decades. Closed group(no new members) |
| Economic Control by Cliques (Diaz) | monopolies held by Diaz associates, financial scandals, swindles, middle class resented them |
| rural poverty in Mexico (Diaz) | 3/4 of Mexicans lived in poor rural villages, only 2% owned land, worked at haciendas |
| Foreign Presence (Diaz) | by 1911, foreigners control over 80% of Mexican industry, US owned more property than did Mexcians--> middle class resentment |
| Francisco I Madera | wrote pamphlets about clean government, anti corruption, education, free elections capitalism, private property, advocates for middle class |
| 1910 elections- Mexico | Diaz rigs election and wins-Madero calls for revolt against Diaz. Diaz flees and Madero is elected president |
| Emeliano Zapata | land reform, leader of peasants (democratic peasants) |
| Pancho Villa | in north Mexico; "bandits" take from rich and give to the poor (democratic urban revolutionaries) |
| General Huerta | conservative who assassinates Madero in 1913 and wants a Diaz style government. Defeated in 1915. |
| 1916-1917 Liberal Constitution (V. Carranza) | seperation of church and state, civil rights, equality, elections, cleaner government, land reform with compensation (ejidos), limits on foreign control, development of PRI |
| Why peasant revolution failed (Zapata) | no national or political ideology or vision. Just fighting for land, then when they got it, they left and the group lost people. Liberals had guns, supplies, money, support of middle class, national vision, constitutional plan |
| ejidos | like communes, take former haciendas and let peasants work it communally. Govt buys hacienda land and gives to peasants. |
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