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APWH vocabulary
Vocabulary from the entire history book =)
| Answer | Question |
|---|---|
| Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Ummayyd Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750-1258 |
| Abolitionists | men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery |
| Acculturate | the adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants |
| Acheh Sultanate | Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. |
| Aden | Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen |
| African National Congress | An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa |
| Afrikaners | South Africans that are descendants from Dutch and French settlers |
| Agricultural Revolution (ancient) | the change from food gathering to food production that occurred between 8000-2000 [Neolithic Revolution] |
| Agricultural Revolution | the transformation of farming that resulted in the 18th century from the spread of new foods and animals |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | (1869-1964) Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain |
| Akbar I | (1542-1605) most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India |
| Akhenaten | Egyptian pharaoh. |
| Alexander (356-323 BCE) | king of Macedonia in northern Greece. Conquered Greece. |
| Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander |
| Salvador Allende | (1908-1973) Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1907 and overthrown by the military in 1973 |
| All-India Muslim League | political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority |
| Amulet | small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil |
| Amur River | this river valley was a contested frontier between northern China and eastern Russia until the settlement arranged in Treaty of Nerchinsk |
| Anarchists | Revolurionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups |
| Anasazi | important culture of what is now the Southwest United States |
| aqueduct | a conduit, either elevated or underground, using gravity to carry water |
| Arawak | Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus |
| Richard Arkwright | [1732-1792] English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution |
| Armenia | one of the earliest Christian kingdoms |
| Asnte | African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680 |
| Ashikaga Shogunate | [1336-1573] The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun |
| Ashoka | third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India. Converted to Buddhism |
| Asian Tigers | collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. nations that became economic powers in the 1960s |
| Atahualpa | [1502-1533] last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. Was executed by the Spanish |
| Atlantic Circuit | the network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system |
| Atlantic system | the network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin |
| Augustus | [63 BCE- 14 CE] honorific name of Octavian founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate |
| Auschwitz | Nazi extermination camp in Poland, was the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust |
| ayllu | Andean linage group or kin-based community |
| Aztecs | created a powerful empire in central Mexico they forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. Conquered people were forced to become sacrifices |
| Babylon | the largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. Hammurabi-1700s BCE was here |
| balance of power | the policy in international relations by which, beginning in the 18th century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful |
| Balfour Declaration | statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine |
| Bannermen | hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire |
| Bantu | collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages |
| Batavia | for established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia |
| Battle of Midway | US naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942 |
| Battle of Omdurman | British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. |
| Beijing | China's northern capital |
| Bengal | Region of northeastern India |
| Berlin Conference [1884-1885] | conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set relies for the partition of Africa. |
| Bhagavad-Gita | the most important work of Indian sacred literature. A dialogue between a great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit |
| Usama bin Laden | Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al-Qaeda organization |
| Otto von Bismark [1815-1898] | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871 |
| Black Death | an outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Eurasian continent in the 14th century |
| Simon Bolivar [1783-1830] | the most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America |
| Bolsheviks | Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903 |
| Bornu | a powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam |
| bourgeoisie | in early modern Europe, the working class |
| Joseph Brant [1742-1807] | Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution |
| Savorgnan de Brazza 0[1852-1905] | Fanco-Italian explorer sent by the French government to claim part of equatorial Africa for France |
| British raj | the rile over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government |
| bubonic plague | a bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans |
| Buddha [563-483 BCE] | an Indian prince that renounced his wealth and social position. Became "enlightened" and enunciated the principles of Buddhism |
| Business cycle | recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence |
| Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the 4th century onward. |
| caliphate | office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire |
| capitalism | the economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies- that first developed in early modern Europe |
| caravel | a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic |
| Lazaro Cardenas [1895-1970] | President of Mexico. distributed millions of acres of land to peasants. |
| Carthage | city located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians in 800 BCE |
| Caste War | A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847 |
| Catholic Reformation | religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church. response to the Protestant Reformation |
| Champa rice | fast growing rice |
| Chang'an | city in the Wei Valley in eastern China. Was the capital during the Qin dynasty |
| Charlemagne [742-814] | King of the Franks, later the emperor with military conquests. |
| Chartered companies | groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies |
| Chavin | the first major urban civilization in South America |
| -hiang Kai-shek [1886-1975] | Chinese military and political leader. |
| chiefdom | form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader |
| Chinampas | raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields |
| city-state | a small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory |
| civilization | an ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits |
| Empress Dowager Cixi [1835-1908] | Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces |
| clipper ship | large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel. made in the mid-to-late 19th century |
| Cold War [1945-1991] | the ideology struggle between communism and capitalism {Soviet Union vs United States} |
| colonialism | policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power |
| Columbian Exchange | the exchange of plants, animals, disease, and technologies between the New World and The Old World following Columbus's voyages |
| Christopher Columbus [1451-1506] | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way ti spanish conquest and colonization |
| Confederation of 1867 | Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia |
| Confucius | Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi. |
| Congress of Vienna [1814-1815] | meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napolean |
| conquistadors | Early-16th-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru |
| Constantine [285-337 CE] | Roman emperor. reunited the Roman Empire, capital became Constantinople |
| Constitutional Convention | Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States |
| contract of indenture | a voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination |
| Hernan Cortes [1485-1547] | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain |
| Cossacks | peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws |
| Council of Indies | the institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early 18th century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities |
| coureurs des bois (runners of the woods) | French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America |
| creoles | in colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World |
| Crimean War [1853-1856] | Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula |
| Crusades [1096-1291] | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule |
| Crystal Palace | building erected in Hyde Park, London for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass- symbol of the industrial age |
| Cuban Missile Crisis [1962] | Brink-of-war confrontation between the US and Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba |
| cultural imperialism | domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority |
| Cultural Revolution (China) [1966-1969] | campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generations |
| culture | socially transmitted patterns of action and expression |
| cuneiform | a system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represent words or syllables |
| Cyrus [600-530 BCE] | Founder of the achaemenid Persian Empire |
| daimyo | Japanese warlords and great landowners |
| Daoism | Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi |
| Darius I [558-486 BCE] | Third ruler of the Persian Empire |
| Decembrist revolt | abortive attempt bu army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825 |
| deforestation | the removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man [1789] | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution |
| democracy | a system of government in which all "citizens" have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protection, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE |
| demographic transition | a change in the rates of population growth |
| Deng Xiaoping [1904-1997] | Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong |
| development | in the 19th and 20th centuries, the economic process that led to industrialization, urbanization, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education |
| devshirme | "Selection" in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries |
| dhow | ship of small to moderate size used by western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull |
| Blaise Diagne [1872-1934] | Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly |
| Bartolomeu Dias [1450-1500] | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean |
| Diaspora | a Greek word meaning "dispersal", used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland |
| Dirty War | War waged by the Argentine military against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment,torture, and execution by the military |
| Divination | techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky |
| division of labor | a manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers |
| driver | a privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation |
| durbar | an elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the 19th century, ostensibly in the imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire |
| Dutch West India Company [1621-1794] | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa |
| -Thomas Edison [1847-1931] | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures |
| Albert Einstein [1879-1955] | German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed |
| El Alamein | Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel in 1942-1943 |
| electricity | a form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s |
| electric telegraph | a device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire |
| encomienda | a grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies |
| English Civil War [1642-1649] | a conflict over royal versus Parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution |
| Enlightenment | a philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics |
| Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. |
| Ethiopia | East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River |
| ethnic cleansing | effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials |
| European Community (EC) | an organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. |
| extraterritoriality | the right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country |
| Faisal I [1885-1933] | Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in WWI. Britain made him king of Iraq in 1921 and he reigned under British protection until 1933 |
| Fascist Party | Italian political party created by Benito Musolini during WWI |
| Fief | in medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service |
| First Temple | a monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the 10th century BCE to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh |
| Five-Year Plans | plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928 |
| foragers | people who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects |
| Benjamin Franklin [1706-1790] | American intellectual, inventor, and politician. He helped negotiate French support support for the American Revolution |
| free-trade imperialism | economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. |
| Fujiwara | aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the 9th and 12th centuries |
| Funan | an early complex society in Southeast Asia between the 1st and 6th centuries |
| Vasco da Gama [1460-1524] | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route |
| Mohandas K. Gandhi(Mahatma) [1869-1948] | Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi [1807-1882] | Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860 |
| Genghis Khan [1167-1227] | The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols(1206-1227). The founder of the Mongol Empire |
| gens de couleur | free men and women of color in Haiti |
| gentry | In china, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personal |
| Ghana | first known kingdom in sub-Saharan west Africa between the 6th and 13th centuries |
| global culture | cultural practices and institutions that have been adopted internationally, whether elite or popular |
| globalization | the economic, political, and cultural integration and interaction of all parts of the world brought about by increasing trade, travel, and technologies |
| Gold Coast(Africa) | region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana |
| Golden Horde | Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev [1931] | Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist governments in eastern Europe |
| gothic cathedral | large churches originating in 12 century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults, and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows |
| "great traditions" | historians' term for a literate, well-institutionalized complex of religious and social beliefs and practices adhered to by diverse societies over a broad geographical area |
| Great Western Schism | a division in the Latin{Western} Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon |
| Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins, whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state |
| guild | in medieval Europe, an association of men, such as merchants, artisans, or professors who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests |
| Gujarat | region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing the inhabitants are called Gujarati |
| gunpowder | a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions |
| Guomindang | Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement |
| Gupta Empire [320-550 CE] | a powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture |
| Habsburg | a powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian Empire, ruled 16th-17th centuries in Spain |
| hadith | a tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quaran, the most important basis for Islamic law |
| Hammurabi | amorite ruler of Babylon {1792-1750 BCE} created a code of laws that was written on black stone pillars, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases |
| Han | a term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 BCE to 220 CE |
| Hanseatic League | an economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the 14th century |
| Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt. She dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt, the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name and image were frequently defaced |
| Harappa | site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium BCE. |
| Hausa | an agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. the Sokoto Caliphate conquered them in the early 19th century |
| Hebrew Bible | a collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites |
| Hellenistic Age | historians' term for the era, usually dated 323-30 BCE, in which Greek culture spread across western Asian and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great |
| Helsinki Accords [1975] | political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland by the Soviet Union and western European countries |
| Henry the Navigator [1394-1460] | Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa |
| Herodotus [482-425 BCE] | heir to the technique of historia-"investigation"- developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period |
| theodore Herzl [1860-1904] | Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine |
| Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla [1753-1811] | Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810 |
| Hidden Imam | last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community |
| hieroglyphics | a system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. |
| Hinduism | a general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. |
| Hiroshima | City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945 |
| history | the study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices |
| Adolf Hitler [1889-1945] | born in Austria, Hitler became a radical german nationalist during WWI. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazis-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933 |
| Hittites | a people form central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age, |
| Holocaust | Nazis' program during the WWII to kill people they considered undesirables |
| Holocene | the geological era since the end of the Great Ice Age about 11,000 years ago |
| Holy Roman Empire | loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806 |
| Hoplite | a heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in close-packed phalanx formation |
| horse collar | harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shirting the point of traction form the animal's neck to the shoulders |
| House of Burgesses | elected assembly in colonial virginia, created in 1618 |
| humanists (Renaissance) | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities |
| Hundred Years War [1337-1453] | series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and french noble families |
| Saddam Husain [1937] | President of Iraq from 19 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003 |
| Ibn Battuta [1304-1369] | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time |
| Il-khan | a "secondary" or "peripheral" khan based in Persia. grandson of Genghis Khan |
| import-substitution industrialization | an economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade |
| Inca | largest and most powerful Andean empire |
| indentured servant | a migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years |
| Indian Civil Service | the elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India |
| Indian National Congress | a movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government |
| Indian Ocean Maritime System | in premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia |
| indulgence | the forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act |
| Industrial Revolution | the transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the 18th century |
| investiture controversy | dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands |
| Hipolito Irigoyen [1850-1933] | Argentine politician, president of Argentina from 1916 to 1928 and 1928 to 1930. |
| Iron Age | historians' term for the period during which iron was the primary metal for tools and weapons |
| iron curtain | Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the US dominated West |
| Iroquois Confederacy | an alliance of fiver northeastern Amerindian peoples that made decisions on military diplomatic issues through a council of representatives |
| Islam | religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quaran |
| Israel | in antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium BCE |
| Andrew Jackson [1767-1845] | First president of the US to be born in humble circumstances. Popular among frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers. |
| Jacobins | radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794 |
| Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the 15th century until the corps was abolished in 1826 |
| Jesus [5 BCE- 34 CE] | a Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices |
| Muhammad Ali Jinnah [1876-1948] | Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. Joined the All-Indian Muslim League. |
| joint-stock company | a business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks among many investors |
| Benito Juarez [1806-1872] | President of Mexico {1858-1872} |
| junk | large, flat bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Ming, and Song Empire, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel |
| Kamakura shogunate | the first of Japan's decentralized military governments.{1185-1333} |
| kamikaze | the "divine wind", which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281 |
| Kangxi [1654-1722] | Qing emperor {1662-1722} He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire |
| karma | in Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a "spirit" and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle |
| keiretsu | alliances of corporations and backs that dominate the Japanese economy |
| khipu | system of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information |
| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini [1900-1989] | Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic |
| Khubilai Khan [1215-1294] | last of the Mongol Great Khans and founder of the Yuan Empire |
| Kievan Russia | state established at Kiev in Ukraine in 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population |
| Korean War [1950-1953] | conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations allying with South Korea and the people's Republic of China allying with North Korea |
| Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259 |
| Kush | an Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium BCE |
| labor union | an organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers |
| laissez faire | the idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs |
| lama | in Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher |
| Bartolome de las Casas [1474-1566] | first bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. Major achievement was the New Lawsof 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them |
| Latin West | historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period in 1000-1500 |
| League of Nations | international organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the US to join |
| legalism | in China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control |
| "legitimate" trade | exports from Africa in the 19th century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade |
| Vladimir Lenin [1870-1924] | leader of the Bolshevik{later Communist}Party. |
| Leopold II [1835-1909] | King of Belgium. He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State.{he cut off children's hands when they could not produce enough cash crops to pay off their taxes} |
| liberalism | a political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property |
| Liberty of Ashurbanipal | a large collections of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia |
| Linear B | a set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete, used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek |
| Li Shimin [599-649] | one of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor. led the expansion into Central Asia |
| Little Ice Age | a century long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s |
| llama | a hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America |
| loess | a fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. |
| Long March [1934-1935] | the 6000 mile flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China |
| Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture [1743-1803] | leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French |
| ma'at | Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe |
| Macartney mission [1792-1793] | the unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire |
| Ferdinand Magellan [1480-1521] | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world |
| Mahabharata | a vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India |
| Mahayana Buddhism | "Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia |
| Malacca aka Melaka | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca |
| Malay peoples | a designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar |
| Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the 13th to 15th centuries |
| Thomas Malthus [1766-1834] | 18th century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production |
| Mamluks | under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces in the Abbasid Caliphate of the 9th and 10th centuries |
| Manchu | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire |
| Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou.it was the prerogative of Heaven to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interest of the people |
| mandate system | allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after WWI, to be administered under League of Nations supervision |
| manor | in medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence, out buildings, peasants village, and surrounding land |
| mansabs | In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire |
| Mansa Kankan Musa | ruler of Mali[1312-1337] hi pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world |
| manumission | a grant of legal freedom to an individual slave |
| Mao Zedong [1893-1976] | leader of the Chinese Communist Party[1927-1976]. He led the communists on the Long March and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China[1937-1945] |
| maroon | a slave who ran away from his or her master |
| Marshall Plan | US program to support the reconstruction of western Europe after WWII |
| Karl Marx [1818-1883] | German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. wrote "The Communist Manifesto" |
| mass deportation | the forcible removal and relocation of large numbers of people or entire populations |
| mass production | the manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks |
| Mauryan Empire | the first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya |
| Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire |
| Mecca | city in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion |
| mechanization | the application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities |
| medieval | literally "middle age", a term that historians of Europe use for the period from 500 to 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance |
| Medina | city in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca |
| megaliths | structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times |
| Meiji Restoration | the political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism |
| Memphis | the capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta |
| Menelik II [1844-1911] | Emperor of Ethiopia. He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa |
| mercantilism | European government policies of the 16th,17,nd 18th centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country |
| Meroe | capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the 4th century BCE to the 4th century CE in this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan africa |
| mestizo | the term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed amerindian and European descent |
| Middle Passage | the part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the americas |
| millenarianism | beliefs, based on prophetic revelations, in apocalyptic global transformations associated with the completion of cycles of a thousand years |
| Ming Empire [1368-1644] | empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng HE. |
| Minoan | prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium BCE |
| mit'a | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations |
| Moche | civilization of north coast of Peru |
| Moctezuma II [1466-1520] | last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes |
| modernization | the process of reforming political,military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-western societies |
| Mohenjo-Daro | largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization |
| moksha | the Hindu concept of the spirit's "liberation" from the endless cycle of rebirths |
| monasticism | living in religious community apart from secular society an d adhering to a rule stipulation chastity, obedience, and poverty |
| Mongols | a people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia |
| monotheism | belief in the existence of a single divine entity |
| monsoon | seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean caused by the differences in temperature between the rapidly heating and cooling land masses of Africa and Asia |
| Jose Maria Morelos [1765-1814] | Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814 |
| most-favored-nation status | a clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories |
| movable type | type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal |
| Mughal Empire | Muslim state exercising dominion over most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries |
| Muhammad [570-632 CE] | Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam |
| Muhammad Ali [1769-1849] | leader of Egyptian modernization in the early 19th century |
| mulatto | the term used in spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent |
| mummy | a body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances,often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife |
| Muscovy | Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination |
| Muslim | an adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who "submits" to the will of God |
| Benito Mussolini [1883-1945] | Fascist dictator of Italy. He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia joined Germany in the Axis pact and allied Italy whit Germany in WWII |
| Mycenae | site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom |
| Napoleon I [1769-1832] | overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile |
| Nasir al-Din Tusi [1201-1274] | Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the Copernican model of the solar system |
| nationalism | a political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation- a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory |
| nawab | a Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor |
| Nazis | German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war |
| Jawaharlal Nehru [1889-1964] | Indian statesman |
| Neo-Assyrian Empire | an empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the 10th and 7th centuries BCE |
| Neo-Babylonian kingdom | under the Chaldaeans{nomadic kinship groups that settled in southern Mesopotamia in the early 1st millennium BCE} Babylon again became a major political and cultural center in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE |
| neo-Confucianism | term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the 12th century |
| neo-liberalism | the term used in Latin America and other developing regions to describe free-market policies that include reducing tariff protection for local industries; the sale of public-sector industries |
| Neolithic | the period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution |
| Alexander Nevskii [1220-1263] | prince of Novgorod. He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde |
| New Economic Policy | policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises |
| New France | French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. Fell to British in 1763 |
| New Imperialism | historians' term for the late-19th and early-20th century wave of conquests by European powers, the US, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the colonial powers |
| newly industrialized economies {NIEs} | rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late 20th century, including the Asian Tigers |
| new monarchies | historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. |
| nomadism | a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water |
| nonaligned nations | developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War |
| nongovernmental organizations {NGOs} | nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization {NATO} | Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies |
| Olmec | the 1st Mesoamerican civilization in 1200 to 400 BCE |
| Oman | Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the arabian peninsula |
| Opium War [1839-1842] | war between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries {OPEC} | organization formed in 1960 by oil-producing states to promote their collective interest in generating revenue from oil |
| Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia in 1300. |
| Jose Antonio Paez [1790-1873] | Venezuelan soldier who led Simon Boliviar's cavalry force |
| Paleolithic | the period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans |
| Pan-Slavism | movement among Russian intellectuals in the second half of the 19th century to identify culturally and politically with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe |
| Panama Canal | ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. Shortened sea voyages |
| papacy | the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head |
| papyrus | a reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. They wrote on it. |
| Parthians | Iranian ruling dynasty between 250BCE and 226 CE |
| patron/client relationship | ancient Rome,a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection&assistance to clients&in return the clients supported the political careers and economic interests of their patron |
| pax romana | literally "Roman peace". It connoted the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries CE |
| Pearl Harbor | naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft of December 7, 1941 |
| Peloponnesian War | a protracted and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world |
| perestroika | policy of "openness" that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union |
| Pericles [495-429 BCE] | Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War |
| Eva Duarte Peron [1919-1952] | wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina |
| Juan Peron [1895-1974] | President of Argentina. was a military officer, championed the rights of labor |
| Persepolis | a complex a palaces, reception halls, and treasury building erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland |
| Persian Wars | conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt{499-494 BCE}through Darius' punitive expedition that failed at Marathon{490BCE}& defeat of Xerxes' massive invasion of Greece by the Spartan-led Hellenistic Leugue |
| personalist leaders | political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws |
| Peter the Great [1672-1725] | Russian tsar. he enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg |
| pharaoh | the central figure in the ancient Egyptian state . |
| Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium BCE |
| pilgrimage | journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show the piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins |
| Pilgrims | group of English PRotestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands |
| Francisco Pizarro [1475-1541] | Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533 |
| Max Planck [1858-1947] | German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918 |
| plantocracy | in the West Indies colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves an most of the land, especially in the 18th century |
| polis | the Greek term for a city-state, an urban center and the agricultural territory under its control |
| pop culture | entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal |
| positivism | a philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress |
| Potosi | located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America |
| printing press | a mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink |
| Protestant Reformation | religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519 |
| proxy wars | during the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants |
| Ptolemies | the Macedonian dynasty, descended from one of Alexander the Great's officers, that ruled Egypt for three centuries {323-30 BCE} |
| Puritans | English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth |
| pyramid | a large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the king |
| Qin | a people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire {221-206 BCE} |
| Qing Empire | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644 |
| Quran | book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam |
| railroads | networks of iron(later steel) rails on which steam(later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds |
| Rajputs | members of mainly hindu warrior caste from northwest India |
| Ramesses II | a long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt |
| Rashid al-din [1318] | Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice |
| recaptives | Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Naval from the illegal slave trade of the 19th century and restored to free status |
| reconquest(of Iberia) | beginning in the 11th century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims |
| Renaissance (European) | a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture |
| Revolutions of 1848 | democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe |
| Cecil Rhodes [1853-1902] | British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa |
| Maximilien Robespierre [1758-1794] | young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution |
| Romanization | the process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire |
| Roman Principate | a term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries CE based on the ambiguous title princeps{"first citizens"}adopted by Augustus to conceal hi military dictatorship |
| Roman Republic | the period from 507 to 31 BCE during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate |
| Roman Senate | a council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families |
| Royal African Company | a trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa |
| sacrifice | a gift given to a deity, often with the aim of creating a relationship, gaining favor, and obligating the god to provide some benefit to the sacrificer, sometimes in order to sustain the deity&thereby guarantee the continuing vitality of the natural world |
| Safavid Empire | Iranian kingdom{1502-1722} established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state |
| Sahel | belt south of the Sahara; literally "coastland" in Arabic |
| samurai | literally "those who serve", the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate |
| Sandinistas | members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy |
| Margaret Sanger [1883-1966] | American nurse and author; pioneer in the movement for family planning; organized conferences and established birth control clinics |
| Sasanid Empire | Iranian empire, established in 226 CE, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Was overthrown in 640 CE |
| satrap | the governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king |
| savanna | tropical or subtropical grassland, either treeless or with occasional clumps of trees |
| schism | a formal split within a religious community |
| scholasticism | a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the 13th century |
| Scientific Revolution | |
| reconquest(of Iberia) | beginning in the 11th century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by the Muslims |
| Renaissance (European) | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a “rebirth” of Greco-Roman culture. |
| Revolutions of 1848 | Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. |
| Rhodes, Cecil (1853–1902) | British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. |
| Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794) | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. |
| Romanization | The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. |
| Roman Principate | A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps (“first citizen”) adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. |
| Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. |
| Roman Senate | A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. |
| Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants’ trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. |
| sacrifice | gift given to a deity, often with the aim of creating a relationship, gaining favor, and obligating the god to provide benefits to the sacrificer, sometimes in order to sustain the deity and thereby guarantee the continuing vitality of the natural world. |
| Sandinistas | Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990 |
| Margaret Sanger [1883-1966] | American nurse and author; pioneer in the movement for family planning; organized conferences and established birth control clinic |
| Sasanid Empire | Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire in 640 |
| satrap | The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king.Responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Satraps in outlying provinces enjoyed considerable autonomy. |
| savanna | Tropical or subtropical grassland, either treeless or with occasional clumps of trees. Most extensive in sub- Saharan Africa but also present in South America. |
| schism | A formal split within a religious community. |
| scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. |
| Scientific Revolution | the intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the 17th century had laid the groundwork for modern science |
| "scramble" for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. |
| scribe | In the governments of many ancient societies, a professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiform, hieroglyphics, or other early writing systems |
| seasoning | an often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines |
| Haile Selassie [1892-1975] | emperor of Ethiopia and symbol of African independence |
| Semitic | family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa |
| "seperate spheres" | 19th century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially in the middle class, should have clearly differentiated roles in society |
| sepoy | a soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British |
| Sepoy Rebellion | the revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs |
| Serbia | the Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s |
| serf | in medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to preform set services for the lord |
| shaft graves | a term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second-millennium BCE |
| Shah Abbas I [1587-1629] | the fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran |
| Shang | the dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records |
| Shi Huangdi | founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire |
| Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali |
| Siberia | the extreme northeastern sector of Asia. |
| Sikhism | Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak in the Punjab region of northwest India |
| Silk Road | caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran |
| Slavophiles | Russian intellectuals in the early 19th century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic people |
| "small traditions" | historians' term for a localized, usually non-literate, set of customs and beliefs adhered to by a single society, often in conjunction with a "great tradition" |
| socialism | a political ideology that originated in Europe in the 1830s. Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries |
| Socrates | Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior |
| Sokoto Caliphate | a large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria |
| solidarity | Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression |
| Song Empire | empire in central and southern China while the Liao people controlled the north |
| Songhai | a people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa |
| Joseph Stalin [1879-1953] | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953 |
| Stalingrad | City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the german army in 1942-1943 |
| Henry Morton Stanley [1841-1904] | British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions i search of Dr. David Livingstone. he helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State |
| steam engine | a machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion |
| steel | a form of iron that is both durable and flexible |
| steppes | treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass |
| stirrup | device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively |
| stock exchange | a place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold |
| Stone Age | the historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances |
| submarine telegraph cables | insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication |
| sub-Saharan Africa | portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara |
| Suez Canal | ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. |
| Suleiman the Magnificent [1494-1566] | the most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire; also know as Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver". |
| Sumerians | the people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium BCE |
| Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership |
| Sun Yat-sen [1867-1925] | Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death |
| Swahili | Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa |
| Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River |
| Taiping Rebellion [1853-1864] | the most destructive civil war before the 20th century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire |
| Tamil kingdoms | the kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages. which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north. |
| Tang Empire | empire unifying China and part of Central Asia founded 618 and ended 907 |
| Tanzimat | "Restructuring" reforms by the 19th century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control |
| Tecumseh [1768-1813] | Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to american settlers |
| Tenochtitlan | capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco |
| Teotihuacan | a powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 BCE-750 CE) |
| terrorism | political belief that extreme and seemingly random violence will destabilize a government and permit the terrorists to gain political advantage |
| theatre-state | historians' term for a state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies to attract and bind subjects to the center |
| Thebes | capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms |
| Theravada Buddhism | "Way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha |
| third-century crisis | the political,military,&economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the 3rd century CE;frequent changes of ruler,civil wars,barbarian invasions,decline of urban centers&near-destruction of long-distance trade and the monetary economy |
| Third World | term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War |
| three-field system | a rotational system for agriculture in which on field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe |
| Tiananmen Square | site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. the demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life |
| Tibet | country centered on the high,mountain-bounded plateau north of India |
| Timbuktu | city on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. |
| Timur [1336-1405] | member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran |
| Tiwanaku | name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia |
| Tokkugawa Shogunate [1600-1868] | the last of the three shogunates of Japan |
| Toltecs | powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico{900-1168 CE}. It influenced much of Mesoamerica. |
| trans-Saharan caravan routes | trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara |
| Treaty of Nanking [1842] | the treaty that ended the Opium War.it awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire,denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders,opened additional ports of residence to Britons,& ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain |
| Treaty of Versailles [1919] | the treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the US, and other Allied Powers after WWI. it demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland |
| treaty ports | cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories |
| tributary system | a system in which,from the Han Empire,countries in E&SE Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states,acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China in exchange for trading rights alliances |
| tribute state | a system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay tax in the form of goods and labor |
| trireme | Greek and Phoenician warship of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. |
| tropical rain forest | high-precipitation forest zones of the Americas, Africa, and Asia lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn |
| tropics | equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn |
| Truman Doctrine | foreign policy initiated by US president Harry Truman in 1947. It offered military aid to help Turkey and Greece resist Soviet military pressure and subversion |
| tsar{tsar} | from Latin 'caesar', the Russian title for a monarch was first used in refernceto a Russian ruler by Ivan III |
| Tulip Period [1718-1730] | last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul |
| Tupac Amaru II | member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781 |
| tyrant | the term the Greeks used to describe someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community |
| Uighurs | a group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia |
| ulama | Muslim religious scholars |
| Umayyad Caliphate | first hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs {661-750}. overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate |
| umma | the community of all Muslims. a major innovation against the background of 7th century Arabia, where traditional kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community |
| underdevelopment | the condition experienced by economies that depend on colonial forms of production such as the export of raw materials and plantation crops with low wages and low investment in education |
| United Nations | international organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. Replaced the League of Nations |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | a 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights |
| universities | degree-granting institutions of higher learning. |
| Ural Mountains | this north-south range separates Siberia from the rest of Russia |
| Urdu | a Persian-influenced literary form of Hindu written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s |
| utopian socialism | a philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early 19th century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively |
| Getulio Vargas [1883-1954] | dictator of Brazil from 1930-1945&1951-1954.Defeated in the president election of 1930,he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo,a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization,did little to alleviate the problems of the peasants. |
| varna/jati | 2categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history.Varna are the four social divisions:Brahmin(priests),Kshatriya(warrior),Vaishya(merchants),and Shudra(laborers).In varna there're many jati,groups of people who have a common occupations |
| vassal | in medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord |
| Vedas | early Indian sacred "knowledge". Long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. Religious texts |
| Versailles | the huge palace built for French Louis XIV south of Paris in the town of the same name |
| Victorian Age | the reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain. late 19th century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women for middle-class and working-class people |
| Vietnam War [1954-1975] | conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by the US |
| Francisco "Pancho" Villa [1878-1923] | a popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. an outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of MExico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata |
| Wari | Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as a colony of Tiwanaku |
| Warsaw Pact | the 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
| George Washington [1732-1799] | military commander of the American Revolution. First elected president of the US |
| water wheel | a mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. |
| James Watt [1736-1819] | Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation |
| weapons of mass destruction | nuclear, chemical, and biological devices that are capable of injuring and killing large numbers of people |
| Josiah Wedgewood [1730-1795] | English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods |
| Western Front | a line of trenches and fortifications in WWI that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea |
| Woodrow Wilson [1856-1924] | president of the US and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. |
| witch-hunt | the pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late 16th and 17th centuries |
| Women's Rights Convention | an 1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting |
| World Bank | a specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation |
| World Trade Organization (WTO} | an international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade |
| Wilbur and Orville Wright [1867-1912] and [1871-1948] | American bicycle mechanics' the first to build and fly and airplane |
| Yamagata Aritomo [1838-1922] | one of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration |
| Yi [1392-1910] | The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan |
| yin/yang | in Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the worl.Yin=masculine,light,and active qualities Yang=feminie,dark,and passive qualities |
| Yongle | reign period of Zhu Di{1360-1424},the third emperor of the Ming Empire.Sponsored the Forbidden City |
| Young Ottomans (Young Turks) | movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the 19th century |
| Yuan Empire [1271-1368] | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan |
| Yuan Shikai [1859-1916] | Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic{1912-1916} |
| Emiliano Zapata [1979-1919] | revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. |
| Zen | the Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation |
| Zheng He [1371-1433] | An imperial eunuch and Muslim. entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa |
| Zhou | the people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule |
| ziggurat | a massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. it is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamia cities, but its function is unknown |
| Zroastrianism | a religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. Emphasizing truth-telling,purity,and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides in the struggle between good and evil |
| Zulu | a people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united in 1818 |
| Peninsulares | In Latin America, a Spaniard that was born in Spain |
| Mestezo | In Latin America, a person that was descended from an European and Native American people |
| Full Spaniard | In Latin America, a person that was descended from a Spaniard and a castiza |
| Castiza | In Latin America, a person that was descended from a mistezo and a Spaniard |
| Castas | the social classes in Latin America |
| Mulatto | In Latin America, a descendant of a black and a white person |
| Lobo | In Latin America, a black and Native American baby |
| Negrotorne Atros | In Latin America, two Spaniards that have a black baby |
| Albino | In Latin America, a descendant of a Spaniard and morisco |
| Morisco | In Latin America, someone that is 1/4 black and 3/4 white |
| Viceroys | appointed governors in Latin America |
| Encomienda System | feudal system in Latin America |
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