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LP - Chapter 8
Lake Park - AP Human Geography - Chapter 8 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| City-state | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland |
| Colonialism | attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory |
| Compact state | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly |
| Elongated state | A state with a long, narrow shape |
| Federal state | An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government |
| Fragmented state | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory |
| Frontier | a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control |
| Gerrymandering | Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power |
| Imperialism | Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society |
| Landlocked state | A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea |
| Microstate | A state that encompasses a very small land area |
| Perforated state | A state that completely surrounds another one |
| Prorupted state | An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension |
| Sovereignty | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| State | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs |
| Unitary state | An internal organization of state that places most power in the hands of central government officials |
| Mercantilism | Associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. A protectionist policy of European states during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries that promoted a state’s economic position in order to maintain a favorable trade balance |
| Nation | A tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states |
| State | A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states |
| Nation-State | A recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. Most nations and states aspire to this form, but it is realized almost nowhere |
| Multinational State | State with more than one nation within its borders |
| Multistate Nation | Nation that stretches across borders and across states |
| Stateless Nation | Nation that does not have a state |
| Colonialism | Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place. Although often established and maintained through political structures, colonialism also creates unequal cultural and economic relations |
| Commodification | The process through which something is given monetary value. Commodification occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that can be traded in a market economy |
| Core | Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy |
| Periphery | Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world-economy |
| Semi-periphery | Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery |
| Centripetal | Forces that tend to unify a country – such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith. |
| Centrifugal | Forces that tend to divide a country – such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences |
| Unitary | A nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state |
| Federal | A political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the states common interests – defense, foreign affairs, yet allows these various entities to make their own laws, policies, and customs in certain spheres |
| Devolution | The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government |
| Reapportionment | Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people |
| Supranational Organization | A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization |
| Antecedent boundary | Boundary line established before the area in question is well populated |
| Enclave | A small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction |
| Exclave | A portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country |
| Relic boundary | A former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape feature |
| Superimposed boundary | A boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural patterns |
| Geopolitics | A concept a political geography that is concerned with the study of human systems, which strive to organize land spatially to fit the needs of humans |
| Irredentism | The attempt by one country to infuse ideas of coups or separatist movements into another country |
| Theocracy | A country where one particular religion is intertwined with the political structure |
| Domino Theory | The idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction of collapse |
| East/West Divide | Geographic separation between the largely democratic and free market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communist and socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia |
| Heartland Theory | Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mackinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world |
| North/South Divide | The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Japan, and Australia and the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America |
| Rimland Theory | Nicholas Spykman’s theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base from world conquest |
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