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LP - Chapter 10
Lake Park - AP Human Geography - Chapter 10 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations |
| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain |
| Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm |
| Crop Rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil |
| Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semi-arid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. |
| Double Cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field |
| Green Revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers |
| Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers |
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
| Milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied |
| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. |
| Plantation | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country |
| Shifting Cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift actively from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period |
| Slash-and-Burn Agriculture | Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris |
| Subsistence Agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family |
| Sustainable Agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides |
| Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. |
| Truck Farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because “truck” was a Middle English word meaning “bartering” or the exchange of commodities |
| Organic agriculture | Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs |
| First Agricultural Revolution | Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce |
| Von Thünen Model | Model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. Various farming activities located in rings around the city with land cost and transportation costs as primary variables |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has at its principal orientation the development of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) |
| Green Revolution | Development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food needs |
| Genetically Modified Organisms | Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods |
| Koppen climatic classification system | Developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world’s climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation |
| Boserup Thesis | The view that population growth independently forces a conversion from extensive to intensive subsistence agriculture |
| Green Revolution | A term suggesting the great increases in food production, primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished through the introduction of very high-yielding grain crops, particularly wheat, maize, and rice |
| Maximum Sustainable Yield | The maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished |
| Von Thünen Model | Model developed by Johann Heinrich von Thunen (1783-1850), German economist and land owner, to explain the forces that control the prices of agricultural commodities and how those variable prices affect patterns of agricultural land utilization |
| Biotechnology | Science that involves altering the genetic strands of agricultural products to increase productivity, biotechnology is developed mainly in science laboratories and is then tested on farm fields around the world |
| Environmental Modification | The introduction of manmade chemicals and practices that, at times, have drastic effects on native soil and vegetation |
| Suitcase Farms | These farms, where no one resides permanently and migrant workers provide the majority of manual labor cheaply, go against the grain of traditional farming in the United States |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | This transformation began in the latter half of the 20th century and corresponded with exponential population growth around the world |
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