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BYU History 201
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thalassocracy | Rule of the sea. Minoan dominion over the sea was based on two features: its commercial empire and its palace |
| Mycenaean | 1600 to 1150 BC, Aryan bronze age warbands, Homeric “heroic age” and the war of Troy, small independent states formed under tribal warrior |
| Minoans | not Greek because were not Greek speaking. |
| Troy | major commercial rival to the Mycenaens. Real place, related to Illiad, represents Mycenaean (warlike) age. |
| city | state (polis) |
| Greek democracy | only adult male citizens with certain amount of wealth and who performed military service could vote (roughly 10% of total population according to WH), |
| Golden Age | 750 to 323 BC, city states and limited democracy, maritime empire, ends with conquest of Alexander the Great, Phoenicians are the big competition, |
| What Caused the Golden Age? | values, wealth, patronage, slavery, and conquests |
| Wealth | colonies had to give tribute to Athens |
| Cultural heritage | |
| Athens | The city of the Golden Age. Political independence. The Athenian culture as a whole valued cultural activity, spent their time and money in pursuit of cultured things. |
| Athens highlights | Valued architecture, drama, etc. Undermined their capacity militarily, lead to their defeat in war against Sparta. “The good, the true, and the beautiful.” Funded by silver mines. Athenian Navy was the best. |
| Sparta | major rival of Athens, in the Peloponnese ( southern Greek peninsula)conquered many of the Greek city states of the Peloponnese)devoted entirely to perfection in war, created the most formidable military force in Greece. |
| Persian Wars | 499 to 478 BC |
| 1st war | athenians surprised the Persians as they were unloading their fleets |
| 2nd war | Persian army comes around the east side of Greece. King Leonidas tried to delay Xerxes massive army at the mountain pass near Thermopylae. Burned Athens to the ground. |
| Battle of Salamis | war at sea. Athenians won. Greeks were victorious because of naval superiority and afterwards the Greeks were left with rule over the seas |
| Peloponnesian Wars | 431 |
| The Greek Polis (city state) | Acropolis, Temples: priesthood, sacrifices, Agora/Marketplace, Public assemblies: government, courts, Democracy limited because you had to serve in the army to be able to vote, Theatre: tragedies and comedies, Stadium: athletics, |
| Gymnasium: training the mind and body | |
| Warfare | |
| The Culture of the Polis is exported via Alexander the Great to the rest of the world | |
| Hellenistic Age: Hellenism = spread of Greek culture, religion, and language beyond Greece, mainly through conquests, but also through imitation. | |
| Macedonia | City |
| Alexander the Great | 336 to 323 BC, King of Macedon, Father conquered all of Greece, creates the military system called the Macedonian phalanx,invades Persia and conquers it, conquers the entire near east, introduced the idea of the God |
| Successors | Alexander tells them that the person who should succeed him was the strongest, leads to a 50 year civil war, “Didoche” = the successors of Alexander |
| Ptolemies | Successor of Alexander the great in Egypt, ruled Jerusalem for about a century. Greek, spreading hellenism. |
| Seleucids | successor of Alexander the Great in Syria and Mesopotamia, greek culture, spread Hellenism |
| Hellenism | spread of Greek culture |
| Alexandria | major cultural center, center of Greek culture, hired scholars to come, had largest library |
| syncretism | diversity of religious ideas declines when the Greeks come in because everyone takes their separate gods (Egyptian, Greek , etc.) and starts combining them. Did not force others to take their religion, instead they combined the religions |
| Pax Romana | Roman Peace. Starts in Classical Greece. After the romans conquered everything, there was peace and economic flourishing. Christianity and Hellenism flourishes at this time as well. |
| Greek Philosophy | Greek philosophy went along with Syncretism |
| Jewish responses to Hellenism | |
| Try to adopt the cultural things but not to syncretize the religion | |
| Josephus writes (but probably isn’t factual) that Alexander has a dream of the high priest and when he came to Jerusalem he bows down before the high priest because he is the man he saw in his dream and then he 2gives them money and goes on to conquer eve | |
| Greek Culture (from WC) | |
| Homer Greek author, wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey. | |
| Herodotus | Known as “Father of History”, wrote “The Histories” which is about the Persian Wars |
| Socrates | Father of Western philosophy,shoemaker by profession, master of dialectical(question and answer) method. professed no great knowledge himself. codemned to death by poison. much of what we know from him is from his student Plato. |
| Plato | We learn about Socrates through plato’s writings, Learn about the ideal society, (Philosopher |
| Aristotle | Most prolific and influential of antiquity. student of plato’s. Had a contribution to everything. Science, math, politics, physics, and the whole gambit. Translated into Latin and Arabic, his books were the fundamental texts in medieval European, Byzantin |
| Greece Sacred Symbols | |
| Acropolis (sacrifice) | elevated mount where they build important buildings |
| Parthenon | Temple to Athena, means “place of the virgins” because Athena was a virgin goddess, people made sacrifices and offerings to the goddess, |
| Eleusis (initiation) | sacred wisdom, secret rituals and teachings, temple as site of secret doctrines of immortality and resurrection, Telesterion = place of “initiation” or “perfection” |
| Mystery religion | purpose was to teach you how to escape from/avoid hell, we don’t know a lot about them because they were secret and you weren’t supposed to share what went on with other people, |
| Demeter | Goddess of fertility and grains, called Ceres (where we get cereal) by the Romans, the world was completely fertile and beautiful all the time until Demeter’s daughter Persephone came along and Hades steals her and takes her to the underworld, Demeter was |
| Dexiosis | means the right handed sacred hand clasp, monument scenes depicting a newly dead person doing this sacred hand clasp with the gods/ancestors |
| Delphi (oracle) | temple as site of Revelation, home of the temple of Apollo, |
| prophecy | questions were written on bronze tablets and taken to the pythia who sat over a fissure in the earth out of which came smoke and steam who then gave a prophecy in a different language and the priests of Apollo would translate it into Greek poetry and give |
| iconography of ritual | taking an image from one religion and using it in a different religion but with a different meaning. Attempt to restore what ritual is through use of sculpture and imagery; [iconography = set of art symbols or “language” that can be read like a book, art |
| Omphalos (naval) | stone that symbolizes the place of creation or the center of the universe |
| Hellenistic Jerusalem | |
| Hasmoneans (Maccabees) | means the family of Simon (Maccabees means like people of the hammer), ruled Jerusalem, Mattathias and his four sons revolt against Antiochus’ enforced Hellenization, initial victories followed by the Seleucidds starting a civil war amongst themselves all |
| Seleucids | rule over Palestine, defeat the Ptolemies |
| Antiochus | called himself, Epiphanes “manifestation of God”, jews call him epimenes “out of his mind”, invades Egypt, line drawn in the sand and told if he crosses the line he isn’t only at war with Egypt, he will be at war with Rome, withdraws in face of Romans, |
| High Priesthood | Governors of Jerusalem at this time, When Simon III (not Simon below) dies there are problems with succession, conflict between Onias III and Jason, Jason bribes people to become High Priest, Onias III fears death and flees to Egypt and establishes a new |
| Simon as King and Priest | takes over after the Hasmoneans take over, Not Davidic, Not Aaronic |
| Enforced Hellenization | Antiochus forbade the practice of Judaism: no circumcision, Torah, Sabbath, must sacrifice to pagan gods, Antiochus sold the divine honor to the king |
| Enforced Judaization | under the Hasmoneans, specifically John Hyrcanus, Jerusalem expanded back to the size it was in the time of Solomon and David but when they conquered these people they forced them to convert to Judaism, ironic because they revolted when the Greeks tried t |
| Jerusalem | Using Greek technology building expansion especially at the temple, water systems with reservoirs and aqueducts to support the growing population, |
| Fortification | used Greek technology |
| office of High Priest outside of the Zadokite family and that high priest starts sacrificing to the pagan gods in the temple and plunders the temple and sacrifices pigs to Zeus which was another insult because pigs were unclean, Monumental tombs | burials outside the city walls, (old Jewish tombs were simple graves in caves), Greeks liked to build massive tombs and Jews started copying them |
| Temple building and symbolism | they were building temples |
| Dead Sea Scrolls | written by prophets who love the temple and the high priests but refuse to accept the authority of Simon as King and Priest, From the Essenes |
| Qumran | location of caves in which dead sea scrolls were found |
| Biblical texts | essenes, OT & NT translated to Greek |
| Essenes | non |
| Eschatology | study of end of the world (like the book of Revelations) |
| prophets | preaching of eschatological sermons. were not believed |
| Key words from Primary Readings for Unit 8 | |
| Socrates, Plato and Greek philosophy | Socrates Believed in God |
| The role of Oracles in ancient societies (Oracle at Delphi) | Athens. Saved by a wall of wood. Council though it meant a wall around the city but it meant a navy fleet |
| Diogenes and the nature of classical Cynicism | Did not praise Alexander |
| Alexander and the Gymnosophists | Gymnosophists (means “naked philosophers”) is the name given by the Greeks to certain ancient Indian philosophers who pursued asceticism to the point of regarding food and clothing as detrimental to purity of thought. Thought to be non |
| Alexander and the High Priest of Jerusalem | Did not replace the High Priest, man in robe appears to Alexander in dream, says he will conquer the world. Goes to Jerusalem and sees the same man that he saw in the dream(the High Priest). worships Jewish God. Josephus says that God brought Hellenism to |
| Unit 9: Rome [WH 112 | 152] |
| 9A | Rome |
| Early Rome9 | |
| Etruscans | Cultural and Linguistic group in north central Italy. Coalition of independent city |
| Republic | Principles of government established in Twelve Tablets of Law written on early religious bronze plates. Theoretically representative republic, but gave power to wealthy(had to serve in army and the more money you had, the more you could lose, so the great |
| Roman Conquests | Strategy was divide and conquer, attack one enemy at a time, always ally with the weak powers against the strong, “Friends of Rome” = subsidiary allies, By 250 BC Romans had conquered most of Italy. Give conquered people a stake in the empire, gave Roman |
| Punic Wars | Roman conflict with Carthage for domination of the western Mediterranean and the city of Sicily, Punic means Pomegranate in Latin. Important to Rome because it (1) gave them power of western Mediterranean (2) gave resources for future expansion (3) create |
| Carthage | came from North Africa but held Mediterranean islands where the wealthy fled to when the Assyrians took over Tyre and other major cities, originally Phoenician, enemy of the Romans, ruled by sea power (Thalassocracy), Romans completely destroyed city whil |
| Hannibal | one of greatest generals in history, attacked Italy but never took Rome because of lack of siege equipment, Carthaginian, defeated by Scipio and committed suicide to avoid Roman capture. |
| Militarization of Rome | professional army, legionary system, disciplined order in battle. |
| Slave Revolts | Slaves armed themselves into makeshift armies and rampaged throughout southern Italy and Sicily. Most famous was the gladiator Spartacus. |
| Caesar | one of three “trimvirs”(Pompey and Crassus were others), in his book “The Gallic Wars” he presented himself as greatest living Roman, and created a powerful army loyal only to himself. Defeated Pompey to assume the title of emperor. Assassinated in the Se |
| Augustus | A title. Means the magnificent, the glorious one. Caesar’s nephew, Octavian defeated Mark Antony after Caesar is assassinated. Senate proclaimed him Augustus, the supreme ruler of the empire. Dictator, although had Senate. stopped Imperial expansion. Decl |
| Fall of the Republic | common people lost power when army became professional force and the free farmers ceased to play vital role as a source of manpower. Senate lost influence and only was there to serve the militaristic dictator. A corrupt state cannot function properly. |
| Pax Romana | “Altar of peace” Built by Augustus. Emperor came and offered sacrifices to the God of peace. Roman Peace, time of open trade, travel, and ideas, |
| Architecture | Classical Greek models. better represented technology than artistic skill. Coliseum, circus, public baths, and aqueducts, and roman forums. imperial Roman style of building was the Basilica. Colosseum, Trajan's arch, Trajan’s column. |
| Rome and Hellenism Rome provided political, military, legal and administrative foundation while cultural they became Hellenized. Romans copied Greek culture. | |
| Impact of Rome | 1. Political and cultural unification of western near east, 2. Bi |
| Roman Culture | |
| Livy | Earliest Roman historian. entire history of Rome is written in his book “From the Founding of the City [of Rome]”. Greatest historian of Romans. |
| Virgil | Greatest Poet of the Romans. imitated Homer in his book Aeneid which told the tale of Aeneas, a refugee of Troy who was brought to the future site of Rome. |
| Roman Religion (Lecture) | |
| civic religion | worship of the gods in the city in which you were born was the civic duty of each citizen. civic religion=Patriotism. Polytheistic. Mythology. No personal salvation (nothing to do with afterlife), stoic philosophy, deification of Roman virtues, Neo |
| sacrifice | failure to offer sacrifice was considered a sin. public and private sacrifice, |
| emperor worship | emperors were worshipped as an incarnation or manifestation of the gods, worshipped the “Genius” (genius seen as a divine spirit that gives you extraordinary powers) of the Emperor, |
| philosophy | Ethics were derived from philosophy, not religion. Stoic philosophy: Roman virtues of courage, etc., the virtues to be followed. ceased to believe the traditional myths of Rome and turned to Greek philosophy. Neo |
| mystery religions: From Eastern Fertility cults, Brotherhood, Communal meals, close social bonds of members, derives from a Greek word meaning secret, because the fundamental rituals and beliefs of the religion were revealed only to initiates in secret ce | |
| 9B | Judea Under the Romans |
| Diaspora | 1st characteristic of Judaism in the 1st century. “Scattering” of Jews from 700 BC to all parts of the Near East. Sometimes enforced. Some of it was voluntary |
| Hellenization | adoption of Greek culture. 4 million Jews outside of Israel, 1 million inside, More Jews in Alexandria than in Jerusalem, Greek Bible (septuagint; LXX) which becomes Christian Bible,. Philo and Josephus wrote in greek and New Testament is written in Greek |
| Corruption of the Temple | Main temple in Jerusalem. Jews refused to sacrifice to the emperor. Romans tried to allow local peoples to maintain religious practices, but forced Jews to sacrifice for the emperor. Common people viewed Temple aristocracy as collaborators with the Romans |
| Sectarianism | Jews at the time are divided into many different sects, Pharisees (Separatists), Sadduces (Zaddokites = priests), Essenes (Dead Sea Scrolls), Zealots (wanted to institute reform by killing those who they consider evil), Samaritans, ‘Am ha |
| Herod the Great | terrible person but good leader. Economically brilliant. Made a fortune from trading. With wealth became the most famous builder of the East. Built many fortresses, temples to Pagan Gods. made king by the Roman Senate as reward for loyalty, only marginall |
| Vassals and Procurators | The Romans knew the Jews didn’t like them and wouldn’t obey them and so they set up vassals and sent procurators (ex. Pontius Pilate) that told them what to do so that the Jews would be angry at the leaders instead of the Romans, tax farming |
| Corruption | Corruption in the upper classes and leadership, extorted the Jews for financial gain, priests loyal to the Romans, |
| Philosophy | Came from the Stoic Greek philosophy. |
| Messianism | Many divergent concepts of the Messiah, mighty king for political deliverance, spiritual leader, royal vs. Priestly, common or supernatural, eschatological messiah, Idea that an ultimate king will come, horrified the Romans, All claimants as the Messiah w |
| Dead Sea Scrolls | Sectarian Jewish writings, buried in 11 caves within 2km of Qumran, excavated in 1947 and the scrolls were translated, 1. Biblical Texts (same texts as the bible) 2. Pseudapigrapha (religious texts that aren’t found in the bible) 3. Unique Texts (Pershar |
| Biblical texts | copies of all books of the Old Testament except Esther, oldest surviving manuscripts of Old Testament, Demonstrates numerous traditions of biblical manuscripts, |
| Essenes | Split with high priests during Hasmonaean revolt, rejected non |
| Eschatology | purification of Temple practices, restoration of true priesthood, rebuilding of perfected temple, end of the world is near, predestination, coming of the messiah in near, great final apocalyptic war, cosmic dualism(different from Zoroastrians), awaiting r |
| 9C | Jewish Sacred Symbols |
| Herodian Temple Mount | Herod tore down an entire temple and built a new temple. |
| Courts and plazas | |
| monumental gateways | giant gateways and stairs that allowed access to the temple mount |
| Soreg = temenos | barrier wall, the gentiles could not go past it, (Soreg) marks space between court of the gentiles and Israelites. Temenos is the concept of marking off sacred space. |
| mikva purification pools | pools where ritual purification washings took place, some have line down the center so you enter on the impure side of the steps and then walk out on the pure side of the steps |
| tunnels | underground tunnels that go under the mount to emerge onto the temple mount from the gateways |
| altar | what sacrifices were burnt on. Also the altar of Peace during the Pax Romana |
| holy of holies | most sacred inner part of the temple where the ark was kept |
| Samaritan sacrifice | Still around. near Shekum. About 1,000 remain. With High Priest. Offer blood sacrifice on Passover. The last surviving example of Biblical blood sacrifice. Samaritans did not participate in Jewish revolt, continued to offer sacrifice. |
| Roman Jerusalem | insist on loyalty, insist on payment of taxes, Internal independence of Jews, special legal status of Jews, using Jewish collaborators to help understand and control Jews = Josephus (suicide pact where the person who got the certain lot had to kill the ot |
| Pagan Jerusalem (Aelia Capitolina) | no Jews, few Christians(because kept Jewish identity), Pagan city, Roman garrison town of the 10th legion, |
| Bar Kochba (second) Rebellion | (132 |
| Lose three of the four pillars of Israel | |
| State/Land | |
| Davidic Kings | |
| Temple and Aaronice Priesthood | |
| Only still have Torah = Law, which leads to rabbinic judaism and focuses solely on the law | |
| Gates | Gate of Damascus and Old Roman Gate show the Roman architectural influence when they rebuilt Jerusalem |
| Key words from Primary Readings | |
| Tacitus's view of Roman imperialism: negative. They are “arrogant,” “plunderers of the world,” “they make a wasteland and call it peace.” | |
| Destruction of the Temple, 70 CE: temple is destroyed to put down Jewish revolt | |
| Vespasian as Messiah: Roman emperor that claimed to be messiah. God takes care of mankind, and by all ways possible foreshows to our race what is for their preservation; but that men perish by those miseries which they madly and voluntarily bring upon the | |
| Unit 10, Byzantium and Early Christianity [WH 112 | 152] |
| Early Christianity (10a | 1) |
| Hellenism and Judaism | The conquests of Alexander the Great brought Jews under the influences of Hellenism. Greek had become the major intellectual language of the Jews. Alexandria became a center of Jewish learning. The Bible had been translated into Greek. Jewish writers Phil |
| Jewish rebellions | Jews that didn’t want Hellenism repealed |
| Esoteric Tradition | special/secret interpretation for special Christians (ideas preserved or understood by a small group), passed down orally (not included in scriptures), caused early disputes about whether or not it existed and who had the correct tradition. |
| forty day ministry to Apostles, a lot of groups said that they had these teaching or other secret teachings and had the truth. | |
| imperial church said there was no esoteric tradition | |
| Prophets | problem with “false” prophets |
| competing prophets | |
| Syncretism with Hellenistic Philosophy | cited pagan references all the time, use neoplatonism as proof of Christian religion |
| Doctrinal Controversy = Heresy | Nicean Court over nature of Christ, Controversy led to different denominations of Christianity |
| Caesaropapism = Imperial Church | how the government and church interact(combining them), allowed expansion of the Church, allowed government control of the church, state decides doctrinal issues, state compulsion in religion, the Imperial church |
| Constantine | 324 |
| Church Councils | define doctrine, administration, resolve controversies, members are bishops, under imperial patronage, most important council = Nicaea 325 |
| Church Fathers | theology to defend the Church, (Origen, Eusebius, John Chr) |
| define church doctrine, defend:Intellectually defend Christianity, Explain: Make Christianity understandable, Synthesize: Create a synthesis of Christian ideas with Hellenistic language & culture(hellenization of Christianity), Apostalic/ante | nicean/post |
| Augustine | (354 |
| Two great books | |
| city of God | |
| confessions | |
| Patriarchs | |
| five patriarchs who claimed they had apostolic authority from Peter | |
| Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople | |
| each becomes a different denomination | |
| Schism | split into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) halves, Rome becomes administrative center of Latin Church, Eastern Patriarchs fall to the Muslims in the seventh century |
| Greek Orthodoxy | Byzantium empire Split apart from the Latin Roman Catholic Church. |
| Rabbinic Judaism (10a | 2) |
| Jewish Revolts | |
| 1st revolt = 70 AD, Fall of the temple, fall of Masada, Romans besieged Jerusalem by Titus, temple destroyed, Jews sold into slavery. | |
| 2nd revolt = Bar Kochba, Akiba and Messianic Claims, expulsion of the Jews, Jerusalem rebuilt by Hadrian as Aelia Capitolina | |
| Law | The law is the only pillar of the four pillars of Judaism left, so Rabbinic Judaism focuses solely on the law |
| Mysticism | celestial ascent to worship at heavenly temple, out of body experience, spiritual ecstasy |
| Synagogue | Place of worship outside the temple where the law and biblical writings are read and the people gather |
| Byzantine Empire (10b | 1) |
| Constantine | 324 |
| Collapse of Rome | Political crisis of succession, military decline, economic crisis (taxation, corruption, trade disruption), decline of civic spirit, population decline (plague, birthrate, war), Barbarian invasions (fall of West to Germans and survival of the East) |
| Caesaropapism | how the government and church interact (combining them), allowed expansion of the Church, allowed government control of the church, state decides doctrinal issues, state compulsion in religion, the Imperial church |
| Eastern Christians | Many denominations in early Christianity, Imperial church leads to new schisms and denominations all based on Imperial church model, denominations from political, linguistic/ethnic and geographical, elite= imperial; common = schism |
| Arab Conquests | Syria (638) Egypt (642) North Africa (698), Sieges of Constantinople 673 |
| Early Christian Sacred Symbols (10b | 2) |
| icons | = sacred image, conflict on whether you can make icons or worship icons and what worship of images means, iconodules = servants of icons(ironclasts), veneration vs. worship of icons (kiss, prostration, incense, miracles) concludes veneration was ok but wo |
| Dome of Heaven | , ancient people conceptualized the heavens as a dome because if you look at the sky it looks like a dome, would use domes on churches and then paint the heavens on the dome ex. Chora Church, 14th Century, Constantinople, |
| Christ Pantocrator | refers to a specific depiction of Christ, Pantocrator is a translation of one of the names of God in Judaism, picture of Christ from chest up (in domes, on mosaics, Christ enthroned in heaven as God), means “Ruler of All”. Symbol of the Byzantine Church. |
| Ravenna Mosaics | one of the best places for early Christian art, shows the celestial ascent, primordial sacrifice and the hand of god, |
| Hagia Sophia | Justinian’s temple “Solomon, I have outdone thee!”, biggest most beautiful church in the world for 1000 years, |
| St. Catherine’s Monastery | Mt. Sinai, preserves a lot of ancient Christian art and books, Icon of Christ, one of the oldest monasteries in the world, one of the greatest manuscript collections in the world, greatest collection of pre |
| Codex Sinaiticus | book of mt Sinai, book is taken to russia to protect it from supposed misuse by the monks who the russians claim are using the pages of the bible to boil tea and then the russians sell it to the british (Oldest complete Bible in world |
| Hand of God iconography | God is shown as a hand coming out of the cloud, shows his presence there |
| Iconography of Jesus (10b | 3) |
| Byzantine Jerusalem (10c | 1) |
| Constantine | establishes Christian Jerusalem, pagan temples abolished in Jerusalem, ban on Jews, 3 Churches(Holy Sepucler, Nativity, Asension) |
| Helena | mother of Constantine, pilgrimage. Discovery of the True Cross. Constantine sends her out on a Christian pilgrimage of Christian sites, leads to the building of the church of the holy sepulchre. Builds churches. She was Christian |
| Relics | Transfer of holiness to relics and places. body of holy person, objects the person owned. Relics can be transported to move holiness. Creation of artifical relics as icons. sacred art made by holy person in special style draws divine power into the icon. |
| Pilgrimage (Easter) | Holy light/ fire. Limited Christian pilgrimage before Constantine(no public or liturgical activites). act of religious devotion, liturgy of pilgrimage. visit places associated with Christ(limites sites of OT). Easter worship at Holy Sepulcher as supreme p |
| Pilgrimage: Expansion=visit living holy men and women. Expansion of new biblical sites visited. “discovery” of many new sites. Peter and Paul in Rome become pilgrimage sites. Rome second greatest site after Jerusalem. veneration of Mary. Sites associated | |
| Pilgrimage Purpose=Enrich understanding of the Bible. spiritual thrill of seeing holy places. tourism and economic activity. pray at holy places (Holy Sepulcher). standardized order and ritual. pray for special blessing (healing). baptized in the Jordan. | |
| Monasticism | Separation of people who want to live a life separate from the world so they become monks and nuns. Originated in late 3rd Century Egypt. Way of living an ideal life. Not seen in Protestants (but done in Orthodox and Catholic faiths). “Solitary |
| Monks believe: separation from the world, isolation in wilderness, spiritual struggle towards perfection, utter devotion to God, asceticism (ex. fasting and sleep deprivation), contemplation, service to God and man (through education, healing, and charity | |
| Important to Jerusalem (spread from Egypt to Jerusalem). 70 monasteries there at one point. Mar Saba is a place for monks near Bethlehem, St. George Kiziba is another near Jerusalem (often built in sides of cliffs). Dying now, but once important in Jer | |
| Church Building | churches dedicated to each major NT event. |
| Holy Sepulcher (10c | 2) |
| Center of the Universe | Jerusalem, Omphalos = naval of the Kosmos(center of the center of the world), Holy sepulcher as center church |
| Golgotha | right around Tomb of Adam, where Christ was crucified. |
| Tomb of Adam | Place in the Holy Sepulcher, right under Golgotha. Tradition is that Adam was buried there. When Christ was crucified the blood dropped onto Adams tomb and the blood paid for Adam’s sin. Architectural way of showing that Christ paid for the sin. |
| Sepulcher | Commemorates the crucifixion of Jesus, his preparation for burial, and his burial. big, long church segmented and broken up. Main dome is over the Tomb of Christ. Only 2 dimensional images by Byzantines. |
| True Cross | cistern of wood pieces found in the tomb that is supposedly Christ’s legend says they took the pieces and touched a sick man with them and the third piece when it touched him healed him and therefore that was a piece of the true cross |
| Byzantine Monasticism (10c | 3) |
| Deseret Fathers | earliest monks |
| Ideal of monks | abandon ordinary life, miracles, healers, holy men, talk to animals=edenic state. “solitary one”. monks drive out demons. superiority of Christian God over pagan gods. based on ascetic ideas in the Bible(Elijah, John the Baptist, Jesus). seperation from t |
| St. Anthony | 1st monk. hermit or anchoritic(withdrawal), complete isolation alone in the wilderness, struggle with demons for 20 years, “initiated into the sacred mysteries” in the desert |
| Mar Saba | SE of Bethlehem. Monastery. in a huge Gorge, side of cliff. built in layers. Still functioning out in the desert. One of the oldest around. |
| Key Words from Christian Readings | |
| Celsus and the pagan views of Christianity | greek philosopher very anti |
| Jerome and the Conflict of Secular and Sacred in early Christianity | loved reading roman philosophers (Cicero), has dream where is beaten and swears never to read secular books again |
| Augustine's view of the City of God vs. City of ManA classic treatment of the relationship between Christians and the world is Augustine’s massive tome, The City of God, written against the backdrop of the fall of the Roman Empire at the hand of the barba | |
| Eusebius and imperial Christianity | bishop who was friends with emperor constantine |
| Unit 11: Islamic Civilization | |
| 11a Islamic Civilization [Topic 11a; WH pp. 219 | 250] |
| Pre | Islamic Arabs |
| Sabeans = most important, in modern Yemen, mastered irrigation techniques, Queen of Sheba visited Solomon, coverted to Christianity. | |
| Nabateans(native peasantry that labored on dungheap over rock without pay according to Primary readings) =modern Jordan, capital at Petra, rock | cut temples and tombs of antiquity. |
| Palmyra = most important trading city, Queen Zenobia challenged Roman empire, example of Hellenized Arab architecture. | |
| Camel and Arab Nomadism | camels can go without drinking much longer than any other pack animal. extended possible range of habitation, allowed nomads to become merchants through crossing the desert, provided military advantage for transportation. |
| Origins of Islam | |
| Muhammad | Prophet of Islam, born 570 CE, orphaned while a young man, raised by his uncle, member of minor trading clan. married Khadija, Gabrial visited him while meditating in the mountains near Mecca. was rejected by Mecca and had to flee to Medina where he had s |
| Qur'an (Koran) | perfect and eternal manifestation of God’s word. written in an elegant elevated style of Arabic. literal words of God. Supersedes Bible |
| Mecca | rejected Muhammad initially, but then unable to resist army. Contained the Ka’ba which was the holy center. |
| Five Pillars of Islam | |
| Belief | faith in God, Muhammad, Revelation, Angels, Day of Judgement |
| Ritual prayer | 5 times a day, facing Mecca |
| Alms | 2.5%+ of wealth given to the poor |
| Fasting | from morning to evening for 30 days of Ramadan |
| Pilgrimage | once a life to Ka’ba at Mecca |
| Jihad is not one of the pillars but is a concept of Islam, means struggle to help religion by thought, word and deed, can mean Holy War on behalf of God | |
| Muslim | worship same God as Christians and Jews. Allah is Arabic for God. accept the authenticity of most biblical prophets. Bible itself had misinterpreted. Jesus is accepted as a Messiah and great prophet, but not the Son of God. Muhammad is last and greatest o |
| Arabic | anyone who speaks arabic is Arab. arabic is prerequisite to Islamic religious and intellectual elite. universal language of scholarship(like latin of West). |
| Shari'a | religious law codes of action for all of life. social and political order in traditional Islamic societies based on a code of religious, civil and criminal law. no seperation between religious, civil and criminal law. came from Qur’an and Sunna. |
| Sunni | Largest, 90%, elect the most pious Muslim as successor, islamic doctrine and practice should be based on the consensus of the majority of the believers. |
| Shi'ite | successor came from Muhammad’s eldest male relative. 10% of muslims. centered in Iran. religious extremism, factionalism, and political activism. esoteric interpretations and apocalyptic eschatology |
| Sufi | possible to attain spiritual unity with God through mystical doctrines, meditation, and rituals. Sufism in not a denomination in Islam. |
| Arab Conquests and Empire | |
| Ali | son |
| Umayyad dynasty | 661 |
| Harun al | Rashid |
| Abbasids | cultural golden age high point in classical Islamic culture and power. Arabic |
| came prerequisite of Islamic culture. Hellenized philosophy and science. transfer of power from aramaic to Muslim. transferred capital to Baghdad, Cultural dynasty. | |
| Age of Crisis | |
| Turkish Invasions | conquered Iran and entered Baghdad. Restored Sunni orthodoxy against Shi’ite Buyids and Fatimids. |
| Crusaders | Saw as a Holy war. 7 major armies invaded Syria, Palestine and Egypt. to capture Jerusalem. Unsuccessful but brought turmoil to Near East. |
| Mamluks | Means “military slave”.Turkish military slaves who had been purchased as young men, raised in a rigorous military training program, and enrolled in elite military units. Skill in horsemanship and archery. Overthrew the Ayyubids. military sultan Baybars ex |
| Islamic Civilization | religious tolerance but not religious liberty, agriculture was primary occupation, urban life where Islamic cities were centers for government, manufacturing, trade, religion, fortification, art, and literature. Controlled most of trade routes including S |
| Major Islamic cities (see map): Be able to identify on a map, know their country. | |
| Caliphate | original leader, successor to prophet Muhammad. did not possess any prophetic powers. combined secular and religious authority. Sultans were ideally representatives of Caliph. powerless in 1256 and abolished in 1922. |
| Islamic Science | among the leading scientists in medieval world. al |
| Primary Readings (1 & 2) | |
| The Qur'an as scripture—what is scripture? He expects his people to take the Qur’an as scripture and everything earlier written by prophets to take as scripture. | |
| al | Ghazali and the epistemology of faith |
| Muhammad’s Ascent (Miʿrāj) He was moved from one shrine to another. It was to show him some miraculous signs. He communicated with God and commune with him. Brought back what God wanted to tell his people. | |
| Umar and the conquest of Jerusalem | He was told by an angel to conquer, Umar was an early successor of Muhammad. Conquered Jerusalem peacefully with rights guaranteed to the people. |
| Jerusalem that it was said by Isaiah and Muhammad. | |
| Clearing the Temple Mount | Muslim held it in high regard. They held the site as sacred. |
| Jews and Islam | They are children of Abraham too. They believe in Abraham is the starter of everything. |
| Dome of the Rock | It is a place of worship. It will be considered a Holy Shrine and it will not be a Mosque. This is where Muhammad’s ascent was. built on the temple mount |
| Islamic Sacred Symbols (Topic 11b) | Islamists are aniconic meaning they are against icons so they don’t make sacred images and they don’t venerate them, they replace images with geometric patterns |
| Hajj | pilgrimage to the Ka’ba, supposed to be done at least once in each Muslim’s lifetime, ritual reenactment of the history of the shrine, the sacrifice of abraham, ascent of the sacred mountain at the site of adam and eve’s first prayer, veneration of the de |
| Ka‘ba | temple built by abraham, renewed and purified by Muhammed, Center of the universe and prayer, perfect cube shape=Holy of holies in Solomon’s temple. Great mosque built around the Ka’ba |
| Mecca | city that contained the Ka’ba |
| Black Stone | set in a silver setting, located in the corner of the Ka’ba, it’s a meteorite |
| Ihrām (white robe of consecration) | everyone dresses in white robes to worship at the ka’ba during the hajj and must go through purification |
| Kiswa | Ritual veil of Ka’ba. huge silk brocaded cloth with the quran enscribed on it in silver and gold, there is a new Kiswa used each year, the old kiswa is cut up and given to pilgrims, has Qur’an inscriptions. |
| Muhammad’s Ascent (Mi‘rāj) | muhammad is sleeping at the ka’ba and gabriel appears and tells muhammad to ride this winged creature named baraq to heaven, goes to Jerusalem and leads all the prophets in prayer, flies on and encounters archangels who give him tests and find him worthy |
| Celestial Dome | dome of the rock, arabesques=infinitely, repeating geometric patterns, decorate the domes with geometric shapes and patterns symbolic of heavenly things instead of with paintings of angels or christ because they don’t do icons |
| Mysticism | means different things at different times, understood differently by different traditions, conflation of various traditions into one meta |
| theophany | manifestation of God on earth, on mountain, in temple, |
| celestial ascent | ascent to heaven and vision of God, God in his heavenly temple, deification=visionary becomes celestial being |
| ecstasy | out of body experience |
| psychological contemplation | psychological experience which mystic thinks is encounter with God, all religious phenomenon are merely psychological |
| Merkabah | chariot, riding the chariot of the Lord to get up to the Lord, chariot as the throne of God, |
| Neoplatonism: God as pure mind | ascent of the mind to unification with God, out of body experience, the intellect is more real than the body, mind unites with the mind of God )of which is it actually part) |
| Sufism | Muslim mystical tradition. Islamic version of mysticism (other religions have their own mysticism). |
| Islamic Jerusalem | |
| Umar | Caliph, Second successor to Muhammad, let’s Sophronius meet with him to establish peaceful terms for the Jews to surrender to, wishes to pray at David’s mosque, first taken to the holy sepluchre but says he doesn’t want to pray there, prays outside and th |
| Abd al | Malik |
| Dome of the Rock | built on the temple mount site where Solomon’s temple was, built by Abd al |
| al | Aqsa |
| Return of the Jews | Jews were allowed to return but the Arabs were in charge of the state and everything else, slowly over the years Jerusalem become more and more converted to Islam, from greek speaking to arab speaking, from Christian to Muslim, there were Jewish Muslims, |
| Toleration of Christians | Arabs allowed the Christians to come to worship in Jerusalem, they were “people of the book” (believed in the Bible), arabs also enjoyed the money that their pilgrimages bring in, |
| Foundation Stone | the stone that the Dome of the Rock is built around, represents the for the Muslims the place where Muhammad ascended into heaven, |
| Arabesques | complex repeating geometric patterns |
| floral motifs | garden motifs evident in mosaics in the Dome of the Rock, represent fertility, paradise, the garden of God, |
| Medieval Judaism Key Words (Unit 11d) | |
| Reading (ST 64 | 89) |
| Synagogue | means assembly. place of prayer, a study |
| pilgrimage | to Jerusalem whenever permitted. mourn the ruin on 9th day of Av. annointed a “pierced stone” with oil. eventually jewish rituals began to cluster around western wall where they slipped pieces of paper into the cracks. |
| Devotional poetry | original poems call Piyyutim, to be used in synagouge liturgy which lamented the loss of the Temple. supplemented devotional prayers. |
| Messianism | hope in a coming messiah who would usher an age of peace and justice. associated with rebuilding the temple. messianism=apocalyptiscism |
| Attempts to Rebuild the Temple | believed it would be rebuilt 70 years after roman destruction. Bar Kochba, Julian the Apostate, Sesabid Persian Conquest, and Dome Rock are all seen as attempts to rebuild temple. |
| Bar Kochba | Shimon took the title Bar kochba and tried to rebel agaisnt the romans. sarifices resumed until Romans expelled the jews from the city. city rebuilt as Aelia capitolina. |
| Julian the Apostate | pagan roman emperor who tried to undermine Christianity. Quits Christianity and goes back to paganism, allows Jews to start to rebuild temple in Jerusalem. Died before they finished. |
| Eschatology | returning of the Jews, cleansing the temple mount and building a new shrine(the Dome rock) was seen in apocalyptic terms. Arab conquests were preliminary to coming of Messiah. |
| Kabbalah | Jewish Mysticism, hebrew word for “tradition”. teachings passed down from master to disciple in rabbinic schools. describes esoteric interpretation of Torah as transmitted by secret schools of mystics stretching as far back as Adam. most important Kabbal |
| Shabbetai Tzevi | most successful messiah pretender who combined his role as Messiah with the idea of heavenly temple. claimed that he would erect an altar in Jerusalem and discover ashes of the red heifer that had been hidden away for the preservation at the destruction o |
| Lecture (11d) | |
| Diaspora | scattering, migrated around |
| Talmud | central text. commentary on interpretation of Torah (law) for Jews in diaspora |
| Khazars | Turkish nomadic tribe |
| Spain | Golden Age, greatest period of Jewish scholarship, Arabic as Jewish scholary language, arabic written in hebrew characters. ended by reconquista and Christian persecution |
| Maimonides | born and educated in Cordoba, flees from Reconquista wars to Morocco, great merchant family, advisor and physician to Ayyubids. wrote in Arabic. Mishneh Torah, Guide to the Perplexed. first to write a systematic code of all jewish law. |
| Cairo Genizah | “concealment”, Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo, religious, social and economic documents, can’t throw away any paper that had the name of God on it |
| Kabbalah | Jewish Mysticism, system of mysticism that is extremely complex. mystical, esoteric and magical interpretation of the Torah, origins in Southern France and Spain, the Zohar (“splendor”) |
| Shabbetai Tzevi | proclamation as Messiah in Gaza, kabbalistic studies, agitation throughout Jewish world. Apostasy in 1666, converted to Islam |
| Unit 12: Medieval Western Europe(WH 251 | 281, 434 |
| Europe had agricultural/population growth potential that the Middle East did not. Had a seaboard that allowed them to explore the world, especially the New World | |
| Unit 12a: Medieval West Political: 500 | 1500 |
| Germanic Invasions and Kingdoms | Under pressure from the Huns, broke through Roman imperial frontier on the Rhine and Danube rivers, western half of Roman empire was subjugated to Germanic warlords. 350 |
| Four Cultural Zones: Germanic, Latin, Slavic, Byzantine. Christianity is what bound the cultural zones together. Christendom. | |
| Six Political Zones: Created by Germanic tribes with the fall of the western half of the Roman empire (Rome remained an empire in the East) | |
| France, | Franks and Burgundians, warlord Clovis and his descendants known as Merovingians |
| Iberia(spain), | Spain and Portugal, Visigothic, |
| Germany, | homeland of original Germanic tribes |
| Germanic Period: 350 | 750 was a time of economic, social, and cultural decline. Did spread Christianity outside of Old Roman boundaries. Germans were converted to Christianity before they invaded Rome. |
| Italy, | Original germanic kingdom in Italy was Ostrogothic, 2nd germanic invasion was the Lombards |
| England, | pagan germanic tribes of Angles and Saxons merged with local British |
| Scandinavia | warlike pagan Germanic identity, later migrations were known as the age of the Vikings |
| 4 cultural zones (cultural zones are more broad): Germanic, Latin, Slavic, Byzantine | |
| Charlemagne | Merovingian Frankish King, policy of imperialism aimed at uniting all Christian lands and forming a new Roman empire. Military expansionism. Pope Leo III crowned him Roman emperor. Unites and tries to recreate Roman Empire. His conquests were 768 |
| Carolingian Renaissance | Charlemagne set up court school in Aachen which became the center of a brief cultural renaissance. Most important development was the Caroline minuscule script which facilitated reading and writing and preserved earlier Roman and Latin Christian manuscrip |
| Vikings | From north in Scandinavia, last of pagan Germanic tribes and last phase of Indo |
| Fragmentation | Charlemagne’s empire fragmented into the six fundamental cultural zones which had predated his empire. But, they were now Roman Catholic and Latin was international language. Goal is that Europe be united, but it hasn’t been successful since Rome. Fragm |
| Commonwealth | Shared culture, language, religion, but political fragmentation. Not politically united. Latin was the language they could all use. |
| Reconquista | resurgence of Christian principalities from Umayyad caliphate in Iberia. created the Christian kingdoms of Leon, Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. Led to militant Christian mentality of Spanish nobility which later led to colonization of Latin America. Crea |
| Mercantile States | Genoa, Pisa, and Venice. Held only small amounts of territory, but wealth and power came from industry and control of trade. Created massive and beautiful cities. They had colonies themselves. Wealth led to one of the gold ages in world thought and art |
| Venice | Thrived economically with trade as a seaport. |
| Normans | Viking colonists who settled in NW France created independent duchy of the “Northmen” or Normandy. William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066. |
| Expansionism | Europeans redirected their military efforts against outsiders instead of defending because (1) political policy making was made by feudal military aristocrats (2)major enemies entered into period of decline or had disappeared (3) growing population and we |
| Crusades | Christian warfare against the Muslim. Mixture of pilgrimage and holy war. Goal was to capture Jerusalem and other holy places in Palestine from Muslims. Pilgrimage, Turkish Seljug dynasty disrupting pilgrimage, and Connenenus and Pope Urban calling for ai |
| Feudalism | patchwork of small principalities and kingdoms ruled by warlords who defended themselves from invaders as central government had collapsed. maximum manpower for defense was at the local level. Warrior would swear to defend his lord(vassalage). Land for s |
| Roman Catholicism | It was the prominent and thriving religion. It try to have power over kings. That was never achieved. They tried to achieve a Church and State. At the eleventh century Roman Catholicism had become the definitive religion of western Europe. |
| Papacy | Institution of the popes; one of the few institutions that has survived from Medieval times. |
| Monasticism | attempt by individuals to completely abandon worldly life and devote themselves entirely to the quest for perfection through the worship and service of God. Monks took three oaths: poverty, chastity, and obedience. Monastery dedicated to Mary (nunnery). |
| Christendom | 400 CE |
| Scholasticism | balance of faith and reason, method of teaching in medieval times. revelation of scriptures and teachings of the Church are conceptually superior, but ultimately compatible with human reason and logic. Idea that Faith and Reason are completely compatible. |
| Thomas Aquinas | greatest proponent and systematizer of scholastic thought. his works eventually became the basis of much later Roman Catholic theology. Italian who moved and taught in Paris. Believed in Scholasticism. His writings tried to synthesize all knowledge abo |
| Dante | wrote Divine Comedy |
| Cathedral | represented the quest for God. Gothic style. characterized by pointed arches, flying buttresses, huge columns, ribbed domes, gothic sculpture, and vast stained |
| Unit 12b: Medieval Sacred Symbols | |
| Sacred Symbols: Western Europe Cathedrals | |
| Three orders | |
| Priests | pray, celibate; control education, religion, and thought, priests, monks, scholars. copied manuscripts. Scholasticism |
| Knights | fight, hereditary; defend community and take plunder from outsiders, military aristocracy (3 |
| Workers | peasants(80%), farmers, artisans, merchants, farm, hereditary, provided food, cloth or whatever was needed, created low surplus so needed a lot. |
| Cathedral | Central institution of art, scholarship, etc. Could take centuries to make. Statues of Saints scattered across outside of cathedral, bell towers, can have presentation scenes depicted. Need buttresses to make the building stand up (stained glass window |
| Chartres | In France. Classic examples of Gothic architecture, Cruciform = in the shape of a cross, tall spires make you look up towards God, rosettes = circular panels like the inside of the Byzantine domes but flattened and made of glass, celestial dome |
| Monumental Gates | Generally triple gates (doorways into cathedral). Often pillars surrounding had statues of saints, arches depict earthly realm (with carvings of Christ and angels), realm of the dead is the crypt. |
| Stained glass | Cathedrals are “a space created for stained glass”, Mosaic to glass = luminescence, “A Cloak of Gems”, bible scenes and important figures. Only light up on inside. |
| Veneration of Mary | presentation scene. Jesus Crowning Mary. Dedicate life to Mary. stained glass windows show angels around her with Christ on her lap. |
| Labyrinth | maze drawing that is symbolic of the pilgrim’s path out of purgatory to heaven, representative of a flattened mountain shape and ascending the mountain of God, |
| “Scripture of the illiterate” | medieval art retelling the Bible stories, taught the Bible to the illiterate |
| art as sacred history | Art is fundamentally religious. Designed to teach about God. Retelling the Bible in art form (especially New Testament). |
| Unit 12c: Crusader Jerusalem (1095 | 1293) |
| Jerusalem as Center of the World | A sacred center where God is most manifest, for medieval Christians it was Jerusalem. Map depicted travel time and sacred things. Christ encompasses whole cosmos. |
| Holy War | Differences between a Just War = legal or for a good cause and a Holy War = based on religious principles; authorized by God. |
| Jerusalem as international city | Ethnically (people from all around came to Jerusalem), Financially (trade to europe Africa Central Asia China, India), Politically (greatest wars of the era were over Jerusalem), Pilgrimage, |
| Tomb of Mary | Tomb that crusaders enhanced and claimed was the tomb of Mary |
| Easter Pilgrimage | Special itinerary where they would wander the country but end up at the Holy Sepulchre for Easter |
| Holy Fire/Light | at Easter time, people gather at the tomb and it is completely dark, patriarch plays the role of the high priest and is wearing a white robe, he goes into the holy sepulchre all alone and has 33 candles in a bundle, tradition is that his candles light the |
| Templars | 1118 |
| Saladin and the reconquest | Saladin united Muslims, Jihad to defeat Crusaders. Hero in Islamic tradition because he turned the tide to deliver the Holy Land from the Crusaders. |
| 3rd Crusade | Reconquest of Acre and coast, Fails to take Jerusalem |
| Richard Lionheart | King of England, Captures Cyprus and gives to Lusignans. Involved in 3rd Crusade. |
| Mongols | Genghis Kahn is the leader. During crusader times they established largest empire, steppe people, nomadic, attacked muslim & christian empires, slaughtered everyone. |
| Impact of the Crusades | Jerusalem is added to with crusader architecture (walls, dry moat), conversion of Muslim spaces into Christian spaces, restored and rebuilt old Christian Churches and built new churches, rise of Italian control of oriental trade |
| = Crusades ultimately failed because they kept fighting each other at home and couldn’t unite to go on crusade. Destruction of unity between eastern and western Christians, extensions of basic antagonism between Christians and Muslims, Destruction of Byz | |
| Unit 12: Key Words for Primary Readings | |
| Thomas Aquinas | Ideal example of a scholarly scholar. scholastism. Wrote book summarizing Christianity. On death bed he said of his writings, “Burn it; it’s straw.” |
| Scholasticism | reason and faith together |
| Sack of Jerusalem by Crusaders | Very violent, Crusaders slaughtered the whole city. |
| Holy Fire/Light | even at the holy church in Jerusalem during Easter. Greek orthodox high priest goes into the tomb and God lights his candle then he comes out and shares the light of Christ with everyone else |
| Dome of the Rock as a Christian church (Templars)when crusaders were in control of jerusalem they used it as a church | |
| Unit 13 Late Medieval Jerusalem | |
| 13a Nomads | |
| Scythians and Huns | Central Eurasia, Indo |
| Steppe | flat grass |
| Nomad | Desert, Steppe, and Forest. pastoral nomadism. dependent on their herds for food. followed grass and water. made state formation and taxation difficult because they could just migrate. organized into patriarchal family, clans and tribes (family groups). l |
| Mounted archery | combination of the horse and composite bow gave nomads an advantage over sedentarists. all males must serve as mounted archers. Used composite, curved bows. Parthian shot (shooting backwards) |
| Scythians | (shakas) one of the first great horseback riding nomadic people. participated as allies of Medes and babylonians to defeat Assyrian empire. Persians suppressed Scythians. overwhelmed and absorbed by Turko |
| Huns | turko |
| Attila | greatest leader of the Huns that raided the Roman empire |
| Collapse of the Huns | divided into two factions after Attila. absorbed by Avars. direct affairs with Europe was negligible because raided for less than a decade, but their indirect affair led to many germanic tribes migrating to Roman empire. |
| Turks (conquer Iran, Baghdad, and then Jerusalem for a brief period) | |
| Turks as military aristocracies | were in control of nearly the entire Near East, former Byzantine empire, and much of Northern India. |
| Turkish sedentary states | 5 founded by turkish military aristocracies (Sultanate of Delhi, Mamluks, Ottomans, Safavids, and Moghuls.) |
| Nomad Economy | |
| Herd | |
| Trade | |
| Raid | |
| Shamanism | nomadic relgion. shaman is a priest or magician that had power over the forces. power to contact and appease the spirits of the dead. could transfer their spirit into the body of animals. had role of priests, prohpets, doctors, and magicians. worship of s |
| Tent Shrines | similar to tabernacle, had a great tent shrine that they carried on a cart |
| Mongols | |
| Genghis ···(Chinggis) Khan | United all the Mongols and spread the empire. Temuchin was orphaned as a young boy. gathered a growing band of Mongol warriors. United entire central steppe into a tribal confederation. “King of the world” |
| Mongol World Empire | First empire that extended across the whole hemisphere (Mediterranean to the Pacific and almost to the Atlantic make it ot Germany but that’s as close as they got), falls because after Genghis’ death the empire is divided into 4 parts and fighting amongst |
| Secret History of the Mongols | chronicles the rise of chingis Khan and the beginning of the Mongol conquests. Oral tradition of the mongols. Essentially the first book in Mongolian that was written down. |
| Tengri (High God) | supreme god called Tengri(heaven and sky). Mongols believed they were appointed by Tengri to conquer “all under Heaven” or entire world. |
| Gunpowder and the Fall of the Central Asian Nomads | nomadic, relied on bows and couldn’t match gunpowder. |
| World Trade routes | Trade used to have go through central asia but new world trade routes led to decline in central eurasia. shift from silk road to maritime trade created. depression in central eurasia. Mongol invansions led to discoveries of new trade routes to china/india |
| Nomads and Jerusalem | Jerusalem on the fringe of the Arabian desert and Steppe, Steppe country within a mile east of Jerusalem, Bedouins remain in Judean wilderness until today, israelites were first nomads to interact with Jerusalem (40 years in wilderness). 2nd was Scythians |
| 13b Mamluks | |
| Reading 13b (ST 148 | 163) |
| Muslim Legends of the Temple Mount | Muslims have their own stories of miracles, Bible stories, Muhammad’s ascent, etc. These tales are collected into a book by Mujir al |
| Sufism | muslim scholars, wrote commentaries on Muhammad’s vision and had own mystical ascents. Sufism is a form of Islam mystism in which the believer attempts to attain direct communication with and knowledge of God through renunciation of the world and the “ann |
| Avincenna (ascent to celestial temple) | Ibn Sina. more of a philospher than sufi. |
| Temple in Sufi parables (Rumi) | the heart is the true temple where one find God. Solomon’s temple was not built of corruptible things but intelligences. the true Temple is the heart, and the physical journey of the pilgram to the temple is only an outward manifestation of the spirtual j |
| Muslim building program on the Temple Mount | Saladin took down Christian signs. added Muslim ornamentation, domes, minarets, fountains and schools. Dome of the Ascension was transformed from Christian baptistery. |
| Lecture 13b | |
| Mamluk Military System | All Turks, military slaves (elevated in terms of wealth and power), excellent soldiers(mounted archery), coup in Egypt, defeat of Mongols(ayn Jalut and Hims, save Jerusalem from Mongols, one of the few people to beat mongols in open battle repeatedly), de |
| Mamluk Dynasty | Murdered sultan took the throne. Strict enforcement of Islam(islamic law/scholarship). Patronized Islamic arts to try to prove that thewere good people not just murderers (ex. rebuilt the temple mount). |
| Mamluk’s patronage of Jerusalem | |
| Haram al | Sharif |
| Gates | The gates that are still used today are from Mamluks (Iron gate and Ashrafiyya), arcade gateways(free |
| Madrasa | “Place of study” = schools. Jerusalem as a center of Islamic scholarship. college on temple mount. Still used as schools today. |
| Mujir al | Din |
| Sufism | Muslim mystics. Popular, important culturally. Try to attain esoteric (symbolic) understanding of Qur’an, Dhikr (“remembrance”) = chanting, visitation of saints, poetry, parables. Sufis are more important than extremists. |
| Minaret | call to prayer. Tower to call the prayer, 5 times a day. |
| Arcades | fountain built by Qait Bay. Open gates that mark sacred spaces. |
| Domed Shrines | built shrines over memorials or holy events or tombs of holy men and women. |
| Qait Bey | Sultan who built a big fountain on the Temple Mount. His buildings are considered the high point of geometric art, stone carvings, and calligraphy. Also the name of a fortress he built. |
| Franciscans | Baybars allowed the Franciscans to come back and to stay in Christian churches. Francis on Crusade tried to convert sultan. Cared for Catholic Churches and Monasteries ever since. |
| 13c Renaissance and Ethiopia Reading (ST 164 | 181) |
| Dome of the Rock as the Temple in Western Art | conflation of the Dome of the Rock as the temple combined with pilgrim descriptions of the Dome had created a trend toward depicting the temple as a domed octagonal or circular building in classical style rather than medieval style. |
| St. Peter’s Cathedral as temple | epitome of ecclesiastical style, combining revived classical elements with new innovative architectural techniques as evidenced most famously in it magnificent dome. preserved and reintroduced many motifs of the ancient biblical temple. Had taken some of |
| Esoteric Temple | In the beginning the Temple of Solomon had been enshrined in mystery and focus of esoteric speculation. Later, a move away from the belief that Solomon’s Temple was the unique bearer of sacredness to the idea that all temples, in whatever tradition, share |
| Solomon the Magician | Jewish traditions had supplemented Solomon’s knowledge of nature with wisdom of the supernatural, astrology, “power of the spirits” and secret wisdom. Able to exorcise and control demons. Was given a ring which had a seal engraved on precious stone that c |
| Key words for Primary Reading: Unit 13c | |
| Queen of Sheba | tradition says she was from Ethiopia. Brings tribute to Solomon. Tradition says they got married. |
| David Menyelek | Son of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, becomes King of Ethiopia and converts the people to Judaism and then brings the ark of the covenant to Africa |
| Ethiopian Ark of the Covenant legend | shrine that has Ark of the Covenant in it. |
| Renaissance | |
| Military Revolution | decline of the feudal military aristocracy. gunpowder weapons, volley fire, professional standing army, siegecraft, naval innovations. Not necessarily dependent on if you had the technology, but also how you used it(mongols had gunpowder weapons before eu |
| International Maritime Trade | |
| European Expansionism | extremely belligerent and militaristic nobility. Gold, glory and God. Christian Holy War. medieval holy war. Italian trading cities. search for Asian sea trade |
| Renaissance | rediscovery of ancient Greek and latin learning. |
| Printing | moveable type. europeans were first to pick up on this and greatly increased the amount of innovative people. |
| Reformation | religious tolerance becomes a necessity |
| Ethiopia | |
| Axum | 100 |
| Ark of the Covenant | in Ethiopian shrine. |
| Lalibela | Rock cut church at New Jerusalem. sees a vision where God tells him to build new Jerusalem (church complex). cut down into rock. one giant piece of stone. |
| Debre Damo | Monastery on top of a mountain where you have to climb up the cliffs to get in and is an example of Christian Monasticism (being a monk or a nun is very pius). Built a monastery on top a big mesa. no females, only men allowed in. Exemplifies Ethiopian mon |
| Falasha | Jews in Ethiopia, basically gone today, black jews in israel. Queen of Gudit united all the Jews and went to battle against the Christians (lost). Non |
| Ethiopian Jerusalem | Been there since Byzantine times. All wear white robes on pilgrimmage. Greek Orthodox wanted the ethiopians to convert to Judaism when they arrived. Ethiopia had cultural influence on Jerusalem (and visa versa). |
| Western Wall | This is when the Western Wall became a Jewish sanctuary. Initially Muslims allow Jews to pray but eventually reject. came to believe that the wall was the wall of Solomon’s temple itself (actually the retaining wall). Built by Herod the Great. Destroyed b |
| Unit 14: Modern Jerusalem | |
| Ottoman Jerusalem: Jews were great merchants in the O. empire. Control up until WW1 (400 years) when British took over Jerusalem. | |
| Ottomans | |
| Suleyman the Magnificent | ruled during the height of Ottoman empire. Name is Turkish way to say Soloman. Restored Jerusalem |
| Walls, fountains, Temple Mount | Restored Jerusalem. Rebuilt buildings on Temple Mount. Put tiles on Dome of the Rock |
| Economic and Political decline of Jerusalem | relative economic and political decline, shifting trade routes, Jews migrate to Ottoman empire but not to Jerusalem(because of economic reasons), Local eastern Christian population. Jerusalem didn’t keep up technologically with the rest of the world. |
| Nineteenth century | The Ottoman Empire declined at this time |
| The “Sick Man” of Europe | Ottoman Empire at this time. European Imperialists want to dismantle the Ottoman Empire. |
| Imperialist European competition | dismantled Ottoman empire |
| Restoration of Christian Churches | example: Augusta Victoria (religious/modern imperialist government) |
| Building of European “colonies” | all the “great powers” want a political and religious presence in Jerusalem (France, russia, germany, Austria, Italy, America, England) |
| Modern Jerusalem | 1917 |
| Zionist movement | Jews want to return to Jerusalem and create a Jewish nation, Nationalism |
| World War I | |
| British conquest of Jerusalem 1917 | transitional event |
| British Mandate {1917 | 1948} |
| Holocaust | Anti |
| Jewish ʿAliya (“Ascent” = immigration to Israel) | massive immigration after WW2 (Holocaust survivors, etc.) |
| Arab | Israeli conflict |
| Eschatological (study of the last days) Jerusalem | makes problem of Jerusalem greater because all religions have different ideas on the last days. Who side is God on? Cosmic struggle not just a political struggle. |
| Contemporary Political Struggle | Christians, Jews, and Muslims all believe they will win, making things complicated. |
| Revelation | Book of Revelation speaks of the last days, different religious reveleation about the last days |
| Orson Hyde Dedication Prayer | Orson Hyde was sent to Jerusalem long before many other Christian religious missionaries to dedicate it for the restoration and the future aka the millenium etc. |
| Israeli Third Temple Movements | belief that the Israelites should regain the temple mount, start sacrifice again, rebuild temple for Messiah or wait for the Messiah to rebuilt the temple. The secular Jews don’t like these ideas much. Some believe the temple should allow for Gentile wo |
Created by:
lacerson
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