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Chp 8
Fundamentals of Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| URI | upper respiratory infection AKA URD upper respiratory disease; infection of the nose, sinuses, or pharynx |
| URIs include: | Coryza, Sinusitis, Hay Fever, Tonsillitis (pharyngitis and laryngitis), Influenza |
| Coryza is AKA: | the common cold |
| Coryza is caused by more than 200 different strains of: | highly contagious viruses |
| Signs/symptoms of coryza: | nasal conjestion, copious rhinorrhea, sneezing, pyrexia in children, pharyngitis, cough |
| Viscous yellow or green mucus secretion is a sign of a secondary bacterial infection such as: | staph, strept, or pneumococci |
| Tx for coryza: | antipyretics, decongestants, antitussives, fluids, rest, antibiotics (secondary infections) |
| Signs/symptoms of sinusitis: | facial pain/pressure, cephalagia |
| Tx for sinusitis: | antihistamines, decongestants, steam vaporizer |
| OSA | obstructive sleep apnea |
| Causes of OSA: | deviated septum, nasal polyps, lingual and/or soft palate prolapse |
| Untreated OSA increases the risk of: | htn, cva, dm, mi, chf, arrhythmias, mdd |
| Tx for OSA: | C-PAP device, surgical repair |
| C-PAP | Continuous positive airway pressure, a particular type of ventilation therapy |
| SAR | seasonal allergic rhinitis AKA hay fever |
| Hay fever (SAR) is usually caused by allergies to: | pollens, ragweed, grasses |
| Signs/symptoms of hay fever: | nasal congestion/sneezing, rhinorrea, cephalgia, erythematous, pruritic watery eyes, tinnitus, postnasal drip |
| Tx for SAR: | antihistamines, decongestants, allergy desensitization |
| Tonsillitis: | inflammation of the tonsils commonly caused by a virus |
| Signs/symptoms of tonsillitis: | enlarged tonsils, dysphagia, pyrexia, pustules |
| Tonsillitis and cervical lymphadenopathy without rhinorrhea, sneezing, or coughing indicates: | a bacterial infection |
| Tx for tonsillitis: | gargling wih saltwater, antipyretics, antibiotics |
| Tx for chronic tonsillitis: | T+A (tonsilectomy and adenoidectomy) |
| Influenza | caused by A and B viruses |
| The flu season usually runs: | November through March |
| Signs/symptoms of influenza: | chills, fever, cough, pharyngitis, sneezing/rhinorrhea, thorocodynia, mylagia, headache, malaise, vommiting/diarrhea |
| About 24 to 72 hours after contracting influenza you will become: | contagious even though you may be asymptomatic |
| Methods to reduce the risk of contracting influenza include: | proper hand washing, avoid fomites, dont touch your face, ect, diet/excercise, annual immunization |
| Full immunization can take up to: | two weeks |
| Influenza is particularly serious in the: | very young, elderly, chronically ill |
| A complication associated with influenza is: | pneumonia |
| Tx for influenza: | bed rest, fluids, antipyretics, decongestants, antihistamines, antivirals, 7. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for immunocompromised |
| LRDs include: | chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, CF, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia, pleurisy, TB, Bronchogenic carcinoma. |
| COPD consits of: | chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, CF, pneumoconiosis |
| Bronchitis: | inflammation of the bronchi; can be acute or chronic |
| Bronchitis is commonly caused by respiratory irritants such as: | air pollution, viruses, bacteria |
| Signs and symptoms of bronchitis include: | chestpain, dyspnea, productive cough, fever and chills |
| Bronchitis often follows an: | URI |
| Bronchitis is most serious in young children, the chronically ill, and the elderly because of the complication of: | pneumonia |
| Tx for bronchitis: | removal of irritants, antibiotics, Nebulizers |
| Asthma | characterized by constriction of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, causing stenosis and spasms |
| rhonci | breath sounds caused by bronchial spasms and stenosis |
| Exacerbation of asthma has been linked to: | respiratory infection, weather changes, psychogenic factors, vigorous excercise |
| Exacerbation of asthma is caused by hypersensitivity to allergens such as: | dust, molds, pollen, dander, fabrics, makeup, smoke, sprays, colognes, foods, NSAIDs, caffeine |
| Asthma is typically triggered by: | allergies |
| There is no cure for asthma but attacks may become less severe with: | age |
| Asthma incidence has also been associated with: | ultra clean childhood environment,sedentary lifestyle, and obesity |
| The risk of asthma decreases if a child is : | breastfed |
| Tx for asthma: | avoid allergens, allergy desensitization, SAIDs, bronchodilators, Asmanex, Simbicort,Singulair |
| Asthma can be monitored by measuring the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled with a: | PFM (peak flow meter) |
| Most severe form of asthma: | status asthmaticus |
| status asthmaticus may end in: | respiratory failure or death if not treated immediately |
| A common bronchodilator used to treat status asthmaticus is: | epinephrine (Adrenaline) |
| Emphysema | progressive irreversible loss of elasticity of the alveoli |
| Emphysema is commonly associated with: | heavy cigarette smoking |
| Signs and symptoms of emphysema include: | use of accessory muscles, dyspnea, DOE, fatigue, Rales, tachypnea, cyanosis, Barrel Chest, WT loss |
| Emphysema causes the heart to overwork causing: | cardiomegaly and CHF |
| Diagnosis (Dx) of emphysema is confirmed with: | pt hx, chest CT, ABGs and spirometry |
| Treatment (Tx) for emphysema includes: | removal of irritants, bronchodilator meds, Mucolytics, Spiriva, O2 therapy, NPPV |
| pneumothorax | A complication of emphysema is trapped air in the pleural cavities |
| atelectasis | The increased air in the pleural cavities puts pressure on the lungs and can cause a collapse |
| An atelectasis can also be caused by: | hemothorax, pyothorax, hydrothorax, spontaneous |
| Signs and symptoms of atelectasis: | acute thoracodynia, dyspnea, tachypnea |
| Treatment (Tx) of atelectasis (collapsed lung) includes: | insertion of a chest tube (pleurocentesis) |
| A common chest tube suction apparatus is called: | Pleur-evac |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary disease affecting the lungs and pancreas of: | young children and young adults |
| The most serious manifestation of CF: | copious amounts of viscous mucus secretions in the lungs causing chronic airway obstructions |
| Signs/symptoms of CF: | dypnea, rhonci, persistent cough, viscous sputum |
| Complications of CF: | chronic respiratory infections and atelectasis |
| Treatment (Tx) of CF includes: | antibiotics, Mucolytics, Diligent “pulmonary toilet” techniques |
| "Pulmonary toilet” refers to: | Deep breathing and forceful coughing, CPT, postural drainage |
| Chest physiotherapy (CPT) is AKA: | percusiion and vibration |
| CF also causes obstruction of pancreatic ducts that prevents secretion of pancreatic enzymes causing: | malnutrition, which requires pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy |
| Pneumonia | An acute inflammation of a lung(s) with an accumulation of inflammatory exudate |
| Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of: | microorganisms |
| The inflammatory exudate can be referred to as: | consolidation |
| Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include: | thoracodynia, pyrexia and chills, productive cough, dyspnea, fatigue |
| The different types of pneumonia include: | Lobar pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia, Primary atypical pneumonia , Secondary |
| Lobar pneumonia | Treatment of lobar pneumonia includes antibiotics and “pulmonary toilet.” |
| Bronchopneumonia | Treatment (Tx) of bronchopneumomia includes antibiotics and “pulmonary toilet.” |
| Primary atypical pneumonia | This pneumonia may not require medical attention. |
| Secondary pneumonia | Secondary pneumonia develops as a secondary disorder from other diseases that weaken the immune system |
| Diagnosis (Dx) of pneumonia is confirmed with a: | CXR and sputum C+S |
| Pneumonia is more common with: | AIDS, DM, cancer, cirrhosis, alcoholics, elderly, children, and postoperative patients |
| The return of the lung(s) to a normal condition is called: | resolution |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of pleural membranes; can be a complication of any lung disease |
| Primary symptom of pleurisy: | sharp, stabbing thoracodynia on inspiration and when coughing |
| Tx for pleurisy: | antibiotics, analgesics, bedrest |
| Tuberculosis | bacterial lung infection characterized by necrosis of lung tissue |
| Untreated tuberculosis (TB) can spread to the: | kidneys, brain or bone |
| TB is transmitted by: | respiratory droplets |
| Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) include: | SOB, nocturnal diaphoresus, WT loss, fatigue, productive cough, thoracodynia, hemoptysis |
| Exposure to tuberculosis (TB) can be detected by an intradermal skin test called a: | PPD, tine, or Mantoux |
| Dx of TB: | CXR and sputum Cx |
| tubercle | standart TB lesion seen on a CXR |
| Tuberculosis (TB) is a very serious concern for those who are immunocompromised such as: | AIDs pts, homeless, and infected immigrants |
| Tx for TB: | antituberculine antibiotics Q.D for 4-9 months |
| Bronchogenic carcinoma (BC) | arises in the bronchial tree and is commonly associated with cigarette smoking. |
| BC occurs more often in: | men |
| Signs/symptoms of BC: | persistant cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, anorexia, WT loss, weakness |
| Dx for BC: | bronchoscopy and Bx |
| Tx for BC: | surgery, radiation, chemotherapy |
| Px for BC: | poor |
| The lungs are also common secondary sites for metastases from other systems such as: | breast, GI tract, female reproductive system, kidneys |
| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome AKA crib death |
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the major cause of death between ages: | 1 month to 1 year |
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs in all: | social, economic, racial and ethnic groups |
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs more often in : | males |
| SIDS risk increases in: | premature babies, low birth WT, multiple deliveries, infants born to teenagers, smoking, pregnancy, poor prenatal care, STDs, UTIs |
| SIDS may be related to decreased: | serotonin levels in the brain |
| The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) can be reduced by 40% if infants are put down lying on their: | backs instead of their abdonmen |
| The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) can be reduced by 72% when infants slept in a room where a: | fan was on |
| High risk neonates are commonly prescribed: | apnea monitors |
Created by:
RBarnes86
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