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MedTerm (Ch. 4)
Ch. 4: Body Structure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chromatin | structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins |
| chromosome | threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of a DNA molecule that carries hereditary information encoded in genes |
| cytoplasm | jellylike substance found within the cell membrane composed of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides |
| diaphragm | muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
| metabolism | sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism |
| organelle | cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion) |
| pathology | study of the nature of diseases, their causes, development, and consequences |
| peristalsis | rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the walls of the tubular organ to propel its contents onward |
| midsagittal (median) | right and left halves |
| coronal (frontal) | anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) aspects |
| transverse (horizontal) | superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects |
| Dorsal cavity | cranial (brain) and spinal (spinal cord) |
| Ventral cavity | thoracic (heart, lungs, and, associated structures) and abdominopelvic (digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs, and structures) |
| right upper quadrant (RUQ) | right lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestines |
| left upper quadrant (LUQ) | left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestines |
| right lower quadrant (RLQ) | part of small and large intestines, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter |
| left lower quadrant (LLQ) | part of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter |
| left Hypochondriac region | upper left region beneath the ribs |
| Epigastric region | region above the stomach |
| right Hypochondriac region | upper right region beneath the ribs |
| left Lumbar region | left middle lateral region |
| Umbilical region | region of the navel |
| right Lumbar region | right middle lateral region |
| left Inguinal (Iliac) region | left lower lateral region |
| Hypogastric region | lower middle region beneath the navel |
| right Inguinal (Iliac) region | right lower lateral region |
| abduction | movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts |
| adduction | movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body |
| medial | pertaining to the midline of the body or structure |
| lateral | pertaining to a side |
| superior (cephalad) | toward the head or upper portion of a structure |
| inferior (caudal) | away from the head, or toward the tall or lower parts of a structure |
| proximal | nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body |
| distal | further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body |
| anterior (ventral) | front of the body |
| posterior (dorsal) | back of the body |
| parietal | pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity |
| visceral | pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs |
| prone | lying on the abdomen, face down |
| supine | lying horizontally on the back, face up |
| inversion | turning inward or inside out |
| eversion | turning outward |
| palmar | pertaining to the palm of the hand |
| plantar | pertaining to the sole of the foot |
| superficial | toward the surface of the body (external) |
| deep | away from the surface of the body (internal) |
| cyt/o | cell |
| hist/o | tissue |
| kary/o | nucleus |
| nucle/o | nucleus |
| anter/o | anterior, front |
| caud/o | tail |
| crani/o | cranium (skull) |
| dist/o | far, farthest |
| dors/o | back (of body) |
| infer/o | lower, below |
| later/o | side, to one side |
| medi/o | middle |
| poster/o | back (of body), behind, posterior |
| proxim/o | near, nearest |
| ventro/o | belly, belly side |
| abdomin/o | abdomen |
| cervic/o | neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus) |
| crani/o | cranium (skull) |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| ili/o | ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone) |
| inguin/o | groin |
| lumb/o | loins (lower back) |
| pelv/i | pelvis |
| pelv/o | pelvis |
| spin/o | spine |
| thorac/o | chest |
| umbilic/o | umbilicus, navel |
| albin/o | white |
| leuk/o | white |
| cholr/o | green |
| chrom/o | color |
| cirrh/o | yellow |
| jaund/o | yellow |
| xanth/o | yellow |
| cyan.o | blue |
| erythr/o | red |
| melan/o | black |
| poli/o | gray; gray matter (of brain and spinal cord) |
| acr/o | extremity |
| eti/o | cause |
| idi/o | unknown, peculiar |
| morph/o | form, shape, structure |
| path/o | disease |
| radi/o | radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side) |
| somat/o | body |
| son/o | sound |
| viscer/o | internal organs |
| xer/o | dry |
| -genesis | forming, producing, origin |
| -gnosis | knowing |
| -gram | record, writing |
| -graph | instrument for recording |
| -graphy | process of recording |
| -logist | specialist in the study of |
| -logy | study of |
| -meter | instrument for measuring |
| -metry | act of measuring |
| -pathy | disease |
| ab- | from, away from |
| ad- | toward |
| hetero- | different |
| homeo- | same, alike |
| infra- | below, under |
| peri- | around |
| super- | upper, above |
| trans- | across, through |
| ultra- | excess, beyond |
| adhesion | abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated |
| analyte | substance analyzed or tested, generally by means of laboratory methods |
| contrast medium | substance injected into the body, introduced via catheter, or swallowed to facilitate radiographic images of internal structures that otherwise are difficult to visualize on x-ray films |
| dehiscence | bursting open of a wound, especially a surgical abdominal wound |
| febrile | feverish; pertaining to a fever |
| homeostasis | relative constancy or balance in the internal environment of the body, maintained by process of feedback and adjustment in response to external or internal changes |
| inflammation | body defense against injury, infection, or allergy that is marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes, loss of function |
| morbid | diseased; pertaining to a disease |
| nuclear medicine | branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances for diagnosis, treatment, and research |
| radiology | medical specialty concerned with the use of electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound, and imaging techniques for diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury |
| interventional radiology | radiology practice that employs fluoroscopy, CT, and ultasound in nonsurgical treatment of various disorders |
| therapeutic radiology | use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of cancer |
| radionuclides | substances that emit radiation spontaneously; also called 'tracers' |
| radiopharmaceutical | radionuclide attached to a protein, sugar, or other substance used to visualize and organ or area of the body that will be scanned |
| scan | term used to describe a computerized image by modality (such as CT, MRI, and nuclear imaging) or by structure (such as thyroid and bone) |
| sepsis | pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream |
| suppurative | producing or associated with generation of pus |
| endoscopy | visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an 'endoscope' |
| laparoscopy | visual examination of the organs of the pelvis and abdomen through very small incisions in the abdominal wall |
| thoracoscopy | examination of the lungs, pleura, and pleural space with a scope inserted through a small incision between the ribs |
| complete blood count (CBC) | common blood test that enumerated RBC, WBC, and platelets; measures hemoglobin; estimates red cell volume; and sorts WBC into five subtypes with their percentages |
| urinalysis (UA) | common urine screening test that evaluates the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine |
| computed tomography (CT) | imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angels; formerly called 'computerized axial tomography' |
| Doppler | ultrasound technique used to detect and measure blood-flow velocity and direction through the cardiac chambers, valves, and peripheral vessels by reflecting sound waves off moving blood cells |
| fluoroscopy | radiographic technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous motion images of internal structures |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | noninvasive imaging technique that uses radiowaves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images |
| nuclear scan | diagnostic technique that uses radioactive material(radiopharmaceutical) called 'tracer' that is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and a specialized camera to produce images of organs and structures |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | scanning technique using computed tomography to record the positrons (positive changed particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical, that produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine the presence of disease |
| radiography | imaging technique that uses x-rays passed through the body or area and captured on a film; also called 'x-ray' |
| single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) | radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the blood stream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs |
| tomography | radiographic technique that produces an image representing a detailed cross-section, or slice, of an area, tissue, or organ at a predetermined depth |
| ultrasonography (US) | imaging procedure using high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that display the reflected "echoes" on a monitor; also called ultrasound, sonography, echo, and echography |
| biopsy | representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis |
| frozen section (FS) biopsy | ultra-thin slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination |
| needle biopsy | removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe |
| punch biopsy | removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow instrument (punch) |
| shave biopsy | removal of tissue using a surgical blade to shave elevated lesions |
| ablation | removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF) |
| anastomosis | surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another |
| cauterize | destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals |
| curettage | scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a 'curette' |
| incision and drainage (I&D) | incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity |
| laser surgery | surgical technique employing a device that emits intense heat and power at close range to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissues |
| radical dissection | surgical removal of tissue in an extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an attempt to excess all tissue that may be malignant and decrease the chance of recurrence |
| resection | partial excision of a bone, organ, or other structure |
| ant | anterior |
| AP | anteroposterior |
| Bx, bx | biopsy |
| CBC | complete blood count |
| CT | computed tomography |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| DSA | digital subtraction angiography |
| Dx | diagnosis |
| FS | frozen section |
| I&D | incision and drainage |
| LAT, lat | lateral |
| LLQ | left lower quadrant |
| LUQ | left upper quadrant |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| post | posterior |
| RF | rheumatoid factor; radio frequency |
| RLQ | right lower quadrant |
| RUQ | right upper quadrant |
| sono | sonogram |
| SPECT | single photon emission computed tomography |
| Sx | symptom |
| Tx | treatment |
| UA | urinalysis |
| U&L, U/L | upper and lower |
| US | ultrasound, ultrasonography |
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