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A&P Ch 28 Kuntzman
The Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the 4 structures that make up the urinary system | 1. 2 Kidneys 2. 2 Ureters 3. Bladder 4. Urethra |
| What organ does the major function of the urinary system? | Kidneys |
| What does retroperitoneal mean? | Located behind the parietal peritoneum & against the posterior wall of the abdomen |
| Where are the kidneys located along the vertebral column? | Between T12 and L3 on each side of the vertebral column |
| Describe the 5 functions of the kidneys | 1. Regulates pH 2. Regulated blood volume & composition (sodium, potassium, electrolytes) 3. Regulates blood pressure 4. Produces hormones 5. Excretes wastes |
| Tough, fibrous CT that provides support for soft tissue inside | Renal capsule |
| Located near the center of medial external indentation where the ureter, blood & lymphatic vessels, and nerves emerge | Renal hilum |
| Outer, light reddish region next to capsule | Renal cortex |
| Inner, darker reddish brown region | Renal medulla |
| Located in the renal medulla and have wide bases adjacent to cortex & pointed ends (renal papillae) are directed into center of kidney | Renal pyramids |
| Central region of kidney located in the renal sinus & continuous with ureter. It's a larger cavity that collects the urine as its produced | Renal pelvis |
| Cuplike structures that direct urine from collecting ducts in pyramids to major calyx | Minor calyx |
| Structures that direct urine into the renal pelvis & then into the ureter | Major calyx |
| Tube that transports urine from nephron to minor calyx | Collecting ducts |
| Describe the blood flow through the kidney | Renal artery - afferent arterioles - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - peritubular veins - inferior vena cava |
| What is the functional unit of the kidneys? | Nephrons |
| What is the structure of a renal corpuscle? | 1. Located in cortex 2. Consists of a cluster of capillaries called glomerulus 3. Surrounded by a double layered epithelial cup |
| What is the function of a renal corpuscle? | Filters fluid |
| What is the function of a renal tubule? | Carries filtered fluid away from glomerular capsule |
| What 3 regions does the renal tubule consist of? | 1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Nephron loops (Henle's loop) 3. Distal convoluted tube |
| Highly coiled & found in the cortex of the kidney | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| This is where the proximal convoluted tubule straightens & dips into medulla, makes a U-turn, & ascends back towards cortex | Nephron loops (Henle's loop) |
| Describe the 3 basic processes performed by nephrons & collecting ducts | 1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion |
| This hormone acts on the kidney tubules to increase reabsorption of Na+ which results in water reabsorption (which reduces urine output) | Aldosterone |
| This hormone promotes excretion of Na+ and water by acting on kidney tubules & inhibits renin, ADH, & Aldosterone (which increases urine output: decrease in blood volume & BP) | Atrial natriuretic peptide |
| This hormone makes distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct more permeable to water. More water is reabsorbed, reducing urine, volume = water is conserved. | Antidiuretic |
| This hormone enhances reabsorption of Na+ & Cl. Stimulates adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone. Acts on kidney tubules to conserve Na+ and water = increases blood volume & BP | Angiotensin II |
| What do the ureters connect? | Ureters connect the renal pelvis to the bladder |
| How long are ureters? | 10-12" long |
| What do ureters do? | Transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder |
| How is urine transported to the bladder by ureters? | Primarily by peristalsis but hydrostatic pressure and gravity also contribute |
| What is the structure of a ureter? | 1. Retroperitoneal 2. Consists of a mucosa, muscularis, & a fibrous coat |
| Hollow muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis & below parietal peritoneum and is a temporary storage reservoir for urine | Bladder |
| Smooth muscle interwoven in all directions | Detrusor muscle |
| Triangular area formed by 3 openings in the floor of the urinary bladder | Trigone area |
| Drains the urinary bladder from the anterior point of the trigone area and is a thin-walled tube that conveys urine from floor of bladder to the outside of the body | Urethra |
| What type of muscles is each of the urethra's sphincters made of? | 1. Internal urethral sphincter: Smooth muscle 2. External urethral sphincter: Skeletal muscle |
| Urination or voiding, act of expelling urine from the bladder | Micturition Reflex |
| What must be balanced to preserve urinary homeostasis? | Input of water & electrolytes by output |
| What does the urinary system regulate? | 1. Total volume 2. Distribution 3. Concentration of solutes 4. pH (of body fluids) |
| Why is fluid regulation essential to urinary homeostasis? | If not maintained, body functions fail to proceed at normal rates and can cause dehydration and changes in metabolism. |
| How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis? | Filter waste products from the blood & keep the proper amount of water & nutrients in the blood |
| Which kidney is slightly lower than the other due to the liver displacing it downward? | The right kidney |
| Stones located in the kidney, renal pelvis, or ureters | Kidney stones |
| Is massage contraindicated by kidney stones | Only in acute cases. If client has a history of stones, avoid percussion over the kidneys |
| Formation of multiple grapelike cysts in kidneys | Polycystic Kidney Disease |
| Is massage contraindicated by polycystic kidney disease? | Obtain medical clearance. If granted, suggest voiding before massage and avoid deep, vigorous massage over lumbar area |
| Failure of kidneys to perform their physiologic functions adequately | Renal Failure |
| Is massage contraindicated by renal failure? | Yes |
| Removal of toxin from blood when kidneys are unable | Renal dialysis |
| Name two types of renal dialysis | 1. Hemodialysis 2. Peritoneal dialysis |
| External machine filters blood during this | Hemodialysis |
| Does renal dialysis contraindicate massage? | 1. Obtain medical clearance 2. Avoid arm or abdomen where shunt or catheter is located 3. Use lighter pressure 4. Reduce treatment time to 30 minutes |
| Infection of one or more urinary structures; usually from bacteria | Urinary Tract Infection |
| Where is the infection located when cystitis is present? | Urinary bladder |
| Where is the infection located when urethritis is present? | Urethra |
| Where is the infection located when pyelonephritis is present? | Upper urinary tract |
| Name 3 types of urinary tract infections | 1. Cystitis 2. Urethritis 3. Pyelonephritis |
| Does a urinary tract infection contraindicate massage? | Follow primary cause of infection's protocol |
| Involuntary loss of control of bladder | Urinary Incontinence |
| Urine loss during activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, and physical exercise | Stress incontinence |
| Strong, sudden urge to urinate, bladder contracts, and then urine loss | Urge incontinence |
| Does incontinence contraindicate massage? | No. Suggest voiding before the massage. Avoid abdominopelvic area if pressure causes uneasiness or discomfort |
| What does urine leave the bladder through? | The urethra |
| What does urine contain? | Waste products of metabolism found in plasma |
| What does the renal pelvis drain into? | The ureter |
| What do the kidneys secrete to help control blood pressure? | Renin |
| The smooth transparent layer that surrounds the kidney | Adipose Capsule |
| Where does filtration of blood in the kidney occur? | Glomerulus |
| What is the loop of Henle associated with? | Reabsorption |
| What is a function of the kidney? | Regulate blood ionic composition |
| Where do the renal papillary ducts empty into? | Minor calyces |
| What is glomerular filtrate produced as a result of? | Blood pressure |
| The external opening of the urinary system | External urethral orifice |
| What function does the hormone erythropoietin secreted by the kidneys have? | Control the rate of red blood cell production |
| What does urine reach the bladder by? | Ureter |
| Name two parts of the nephron | 1) Renal corpuscle 2) Renal tubule |
| What are the specialized cells called that cover the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule? | Podocytes |
| What protects and supports the kidney externally? | Connective & adipose tissue |
| A decrease or cessation of glomerular filtration | Renal failure |
| This is where most reabsorption in the kidney occurs | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| The main regulator of facultative water reabsorption | Antidiuretic hormone |
| Parasympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause contraction of the detrusor muscle during this action | Micturition Reflex |
| This is the only place in the kidney where filtration occurs | Renal corpuscle |
| What is the chemical that causes the color of urine called? | Urochrome |
| What is the effectiveness rate of kidneys at the age of 70? | 50% |
Created by:
khawkin
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