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Unit 4 History Haven
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| in 1750, which European countries had constitutional monarchies? | England and the Netherlands |
| In 1750, what kind of government did the Muslim Empires, China, and Europe have? | Absolutism |
| What happened to Absolutism between 1750 and 1914? | absolute rulers almost everywhere lost power, and the rule of law became a much more important political principle. |
| What is a Nation State? | a union often characterized by a common language, shared historical experiences and institutions, and similar cultural traditions, including religion |
| What two changes in Europe later lead to the Industrial Revolution? | the influence of the enlightenment and the new wealth of the bourgeoisie |
| What is the Enlightenment? | when philosophical and political ideas began to seriously question the assumptions of absolute governments |
| Who are some popular Philosphes? | John Locke, Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| What was the first revolution that was started by Enlightenment ideas? | America |
| Why did the American Revolution start? | American colonists resisted Britain's attempt to impose new taxes and trade controls on the colonies after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. Many also resented Britain's attempts to control the movement west. |
| When did the French and Indian War end? | 1763 |
| When was the Declaration of Independence written? | 1776 |
| What was the United States constitution based on? | Enlightenment ideas |
| Why was the French Revolution and American Revolution so different? | No established nobility existed in the United States, so when independence was achieved, the new nation had no old social and political structure to throw off. |
| Why type of government, pre-revolution, did France have? | An absolutist king |
| What are Estates? | the division of the French Social Classes |
| What were the three Estates? | first was the clergy, second the nobility, and the Third Estate was everyone else |
| How much Power did the Third Estate hold? | They only held about 5% of the land but paid 100% of the taxes. |
| How large was the Third Estate? | they made up 97% of the population |
| What Estate did the Bourgeoisie fall into? | The third Estate |
| How did the French Revolution begin? | When King Louis called the Estates General for the first time in 160 years. |
| What is the Estates General? | The old parlimentary system |
| Why did King Louis call the Estates General? What led to it? | because the country was in financial crisis brought on by too many wars for power and an extravagant court life at Versailles Palace |
| What were all the problems that formed to cause the French Revolution? | the nobles' refusal to pay taxes, bourgeoisie resentment of the king, Louis Vic's incompetence, and a series of bad harvests for the peasants. |
| What did the Bourgeoisie do about all the problems in the French Revolution? | They declared the creation of the a National Assembly |
| What is the National Assembly? | A legislative body in France |
| What did the National Assembly do? | They wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen and they set about to write a Constitution for France. |
| What happened in France after the revolution began? | The Jacobins took over and the Reign of Terror occurred. Then Napoleon took over |
| Who were the Jacobins? | a radical group that sought equality through executing those that disagreed with the government |
| What is the Reign of Terror? | Guillotining people because of a suspicion o supporting the aristocracy |
| Why was Napoleon's invasion of Russia unsuccessful? | done in by cold winters, long supply lines, and Tsar Alexander |
| When and where was Napoleon defeated? | 1815 in Waterloo |
| What is the Congress of Viennna? | The allies that had defeated Napoleon met at Vienna in 1815 to reach a peace settlement that would make further revolutions, like the French, impossible |
| Who controlled the Congress of Vienna? | by the representatives of three nations: Britain, Austria, and Russia. |
| What did each country (that cotrolled the Congress of Vienna) want? | The British wanted to destroy the French war machine, Russia wanted to establish an alliance based on Christianity, and Austria wanted a return to absolutism. |
| How did the countries reach an agreement in the congress of Vienna? | They reached an agreement based on restoring the balance of power in Europe, or the principle that no one country should ever dominate the others. Rather, the power should be balanced among all the major countries. |
| How did the Congress of Vienna restrict France? | Monarchies were restored in countries that Napoleon conquered, France was "ringed" with strong countries on it's border to keep it's military in check, and the Concert of Europe was formed |
| What is the Concert of Europe? | an organization of European states meant to maintain the balance of power. |
| Was the Congress of Vienna successful in stopping revolution from happening? | No, in Latin America they continued |
| What is the only successful slave revolution? | Haiti |
| Who was Toussaint L'Overture? | he led force against Napoleon in Haiti. He was a former slave. He helped gained Haiti's independence (even though he died before it happened) |
| Describe the Brazilian Revolution: | After the King left to go back to Portugal, he left his son Pedro to rule the land. Under pressure from Brazilian elites, Pedro declared Brazil's independence, & signed a charter that established constitutional monarchy. |
| What are jauntas and two examples of them? | Junta- Local government who wanted to other throw colonial power. Two examples are Caracas Venezuela and Buenos Aires. |
| What are three contrasting ideologies that were inspired by Enlightenment Philosophy? | Conservatism, Liberalism, and Radicalism |
| What is Conservatism? | at first advocated return to absolute monarchy, but came to accept constitutional monarchy by the mid-1800s. Generally, conservatives disapproved of the revolutions of the era, particularly the French Revolution. |
| What is Liberalism? | Liberals supported a republican democracy, or a government with an elected legislature who represented the people in political decision-making. Emphasis was generally on liberty or freedom from oppression, rather than on equality. |
| What is Radicalism? | Radicals advocated drastic changes in government and emphasized equality more than liberty. Their philosophies varied, but they were most concerned with narrowing the gap between elites and the general population. |
| Who are two examples of Radicalists? | The Jacobins and Marxists |
| Why were reform movements sprouting up? | different people put different interpretations on what these new political and social values actually meant. |
| What are two examples of reform movements that were caused by people's interpretations of new political and social values? | Women's Rights and The Limits of the Abolitionist Movement |
| Where were most advocates of Women's rights? | Britain, France, and North America. |
| Who argued that women also had inalienable rights? | Mary Wollstonecraft |
| What two political thoughts occurred to justify inequalities? | Scientific Racism and Social Darwinism |
| What is Scientific Racism? | It used scientific reasoning and evidence to prove its premise that blacks are physiologically and mentally inferior to whites. |
| What did Scientific Racism lead to the devolpment of? | The theory generally constructed three main "races" in the world - Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid, |
| What did Scientific Racism justify? | justified the inferior positions that blacks had in the society and the economy. |
| What is the difference between Scientific Racism and social Darwinism? | SR is about race, while SD justified the differences between the rich and the poor. |
| What is Social Darwinism? | It used Darwin's theory of natural selection (living things that are better adapted to the environment survive, others don't) to explain why some get rich and others remain poor |
| Who is the Father of Communism? | Karl Marx |
| What did Karl Marx say that capitalism was? | an economic system that exploited workers and increased the gap between the rich and the poor |
| What is Capitalism? | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. |
| What did Karl Marx beleive that workers would do in a capitalist economy? | He believed that conditions in capitalist countries would eventually become so bad that workers would join together in a Revolution of the Proletariat (workers), and overcome the bourgeoisie, or owners of factories and other means of production. |
| According to Marx, why would social classes dissapear in his ideal world? | because ownership of private property would be banned |
| According to Marx, what does communism encourage? | It encourages equality and cooperation, and without property to encourage greed and strife, governments would be unnecessary. |
| Where did Marx's beliefs later take off? | (modified forms) in China and Russia |
| What were nations built on? | Nationalism |
| What is nationalism? | the feeling of identity within a common group of people |
| How did Napoleon contribute ot the idea of Nationalism? | His conquests were done in the name of "France," and the more he conquered, the more people had pride in being "French" |
| What is self-determination? | people around the world sought to determine their own sovereignty |
| Where did the Industrial Revolution begin, and where did it spread to? | The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th century, and spread during the 19th century to Belgium, Germany, Northern France, the United States, and Japan |
| How did the Industrial Revolution divide countries? | Into the "haves" and "have not" |
| Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England? | A agricultural revolution, a technological revolution, natural resources, economic strength, political stability |
| What was the earliest transformation of the Industrial Revolution | Britian's textile industry |
| After the Textile improvements, what area did the Industrial Revolution improve? Why? | Transportation. Because now that they have a product, they need a more effiecnt way to send it to customers |
| How did Railroads revolutionize life in Britain? | gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials & finished products, created 100,000s+ of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners, industry spawned new industries and inventions and increased the productivity of others, transported people |
| After Britain, where in Europe was the first industrialzation? | Belgium |
| Why was Germany late on jumping on the industrilzation banwagon? | Germany was a little later in developing industry, mainly because no centralized government existed there yet, and a great deal of political unrest made industrialization difficult. |
| After 1871, who rivaled Britain in industrial production? | After German political unification in 1871, the new empire rivaled England in terms of industrial production. |
| When did the United States start to industrialzie and why? | Industrialization began in the United States by the 1820s, delayed until the country had enough laborers and money to invest in business. |
| Where did the United States get the labor and money to invest in buisness? Why? | From Europe, where overpopulation and political revolutions sent immigrants to the United States to seek their fortunes |
| What helped/ stunted the industrialzation of America? | The Civil War |
| In which two countries did Industrialzation begin because of government initiatives? | Russia and Japan |
| Who was the most industrialized land in Asia? | Japan |
| Who were the countries that benefitted from industrialzation? | the ones that had the necessary components of land, labor and capital, and often government support |
| What did industrialzation cause labor-wise internationally? | An international division of labor |
| What is the International Division of Labor? | people in industrialized countries produced manufactured products, and people in less industrialized countries produced the raw materials necessary for that production. |
| Who and what are the Banana Republics? | Many countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and southeast Asia became highly dependent on one cash crop - such as sugar, cotton, and rubber |
| What wo canals shortened sea journeys? | The Suez Canal (no longer had to go around tip of Afria) and the Panama Canal |
| Describe Japan in Unit THREE. | A Tokugawa Shogun ruled through a central bureaucracy tied by feudal alliances to local daimyos and samurai. Taxes were based on agriculture |
| What were the two cultural benefits of Japan? | Neo-Confucianism and the Homogenous Japanese Ethnicity of Japan |
| What did America do to Japan in 1853? | They threatened to bombard Japan if they didn't open up trade beyond Nagaski. America then set up extraterrioriality with Japan. |
| What happend to foreigners in Japan in the late 1860s? | The samurai, using surplus weapons from America’s Civil War—which had just ended, defeated the shogun’s army. This delivered a clear message about the supremacy of western military technology. |
| Who seized control of Japan in 1871? | The Meiji |
| What did the Meiji try to enact? | The Meiji Restoration |
| What refroms did the Meiji Restoration include? | Feudalism was abolished, political power was centralized, the samurai were sent abroad to learn about western science and tech, then they were abolished as a class, new nobility |
| What is the Diet? | the new Japanese Parliamnt, based on German Models (The Germans gave their leader full military power and could name his ministers directly; this appealed to the Japanese). |
| Compared to Russia, why was Japan better off? | because they incorporated business leaders into its new government structure whereas Russia could not break the hold of the traditional aristocratic elite. |
| What was a big problem in Japan's industrialzation? How did they solve it? | they had very limited resources and depended on foreign coal and steel. Solved by impearlizing. |
| In what two wars did Japan proves it's strength in? | Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and Russo-Japanese War (1904). |
| What was the Sino-Japanese War and when was it? | (1894-1895) Japan defeated China in war for Korea |
| What was the Russo-Japanese War and when was it? | Japan went to war with Russia over Russian eastward encroachment in Asia, particularly Manchuria and Korea. |
| How did Japan lead russia to revolution? | The Russian navy traveled half way around the world only to be completely crushed by the superior Japanese navy The Russian navy traveled half way around the world only to be completely crushed by the superior Japanese navy |
| What type of migration did industrialization lead to? | rural to urban. |
| Who was Olaudah Equiano? | a west African who published an autobiography in 1789 that recounted his experiences as a slave in Africa and the New World. He became active in the abolitionist movement. |
| Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture? | He led a revolution in Haiti that liberated slaves. |
| Who is the first black free state in the Americas? | Haiti |
| Besides slave labor, what did Africa also provide? | Raw materials for industrial countries |
| What was the last country in the americas to abolish slavery? | Brazil |
| Why was there an immigration increase to the West in North America? | the discovery of gold and silver |
| Why was there an immigration increase to the eastern United States? | factories |
| By the late 19th and early 20th century, where were most immigrants to the US from and why? | most immigrants to North America were from southern and eastern Europe, fleeing famine, poverty, and discrimination in their countries of origin. |
| What did migrants who came to Latin America come for? and why? | to work on agricultural plantations because slavery was abolished and they needed workers |
| Why did the birth rate decline in the Western Hemisphere? | child labor was being replaced by machines and that children were not as useful as they were in agricultural societies. it became difficult to support large families |
| What was a serious environmental problem in Europe? | deforestation |
| How did Industrialization relive environmental depletion in Britain? | Iron replaced wood |
| What was the most dramatic environmental changes in industrialized countries? | The rapid growth of towns and cities |
| What social gap did industrialization widen? | the gap between the rich and poor |
| Before labor unions what happened to workers who went on strike? | they were simply replaced by other workers from the abundant supply of labor. |
| Why were labor unions formed? | factory workers had no control over tools, jobs, or working hours |
| What is division of labor? | different types of work, mostly split by gender and age |
| How did family life change? | Kids, husbands, and wives al wroked together in the same house but now they all leave for hours at a time to diff. places and don't see each other as often |
| Why did industrialists encourage workers to bring their children along with them to the factories? | because children usually could do the work, too, and they were quite cheap. |
| What class became more developed and larger? | bourgeoisie |
| Who was wealthier: nobles or bourgeoisie? Why? | Bourgeoisie because land does not produce as much wealth as business enterprises do. |
| How did the middle class view the lower class? | It was their fault that they were poor and that they do not work hard enough |
| What way of belief reinforced social distinctions? | Social Darwinism |
| According to Social Darwinism, what was poverty? | poverty was a "natural condition" for inferior individuals. |
| How did gender roles change? | Changed with different social classes |
| How did European soccer and American baseball get popular? | Lower class men's leisure time was spent playing the two sports |
| How did lower class women and men work? | Men worked in factories, women worked as maids |
| What were Middle Class men's leisure activities based on? | self-improvement |
| Who is the "West"? | Europe, the United States, and Australia |
| What two important European nations were created because of nationalism? | Italy and Germany |
| Who was the "Sick man of Europe"? | The Ottoman Empire |
| What is the Crimean War? | Russia tried to take the warm water ports in the Black Sea (that the Ottoman's owned). Britain and France stepped in and defended the Ottoman Empire, defeating Russia. |
| What did the Crimean War do to Russia? | Showed Russia's weakness and it led Tsar Alexander II to attempt reform |
| How did Alexander II try to reform? | by emphasizing industrialization, creating elected district assemblies called zemstvos, and emancipating the serfs. |
| What were the three internal problems of the Ottoman empire? | Their Economy, the Janissaries, and the revolts in the Balkans and Greece |
| How was the economy a problem for the Ottoman Empire? | Military officers, who were exempt from paying taxes, owned most of the land |
| What are the Balkan and Greece revolts examples of? | Nationalism |
| What led Russia to invade the Ottoman empire? | The Balkans asked for their helped to revolt against the Ottomans |
| What was an important result of the Crimean War? | that the Ottomans found themselves increasingly dependent on western Europe. |
| Who were the Young Turks? | a group of urban and well-educated young men who protested European domination of the Ottoman empire |
| What was the Young Turk's biggest weakness? | They were nationalists |
| Why did Europe imperialize? | They were driven by the need to provide raw materials for their industrial capacity |
| What are the four types of imperialism? | Colonial, economic, political, and socio-cultural |
| What is Colonial Imperialism? | complete takeover of an area, with domination in all areas: economic, political, and socio-cultural. |
| Example of Colonial Imperialism? | Africa and southern and southeast Asia |
| What is economic imperialism? | This form of imperialism allowed the area to operate as its own nation, but the imperialist nation almost completely controlled its trade and other business. |
| Example of economic imperialism? | China and Most of Latin America |
| What is Political imperialism? | Although a country may have had its own government with natives in top political positions, it operated as the imperialist country told it to. |
| What a is Puppet Government? | a government ran by political imperialism |
| Example of Political imperialism | Qing China and Dominican Republic |
| What is socio-cultural imperialism? | The dominating country deliberately tried to change customs, religions and languages in some of the countries. |
| Example of Socio-Cultural imperialism? | British India |
| Describe British India: | English was taught in schools, Indian soldiers dressed British-style, and western trading rules were set up. |
| Algeria was colonized by the... | French |
| Cape Colony was colonized by... | The British |
| Angola was colonized by... | Portugal |
| Who was the first country to get a country in Europe? | Belgium, who established the Congo Free State under the direction of Belgium's King Leopold II, and eventually seizing it as the Belgian Congo. |
| Who, TECHNICALLY, controlled the Raj? | East India Company (But Britain controlled them) |
| Who were Sepoys? | The Sepoys were Indian Muslims and Hindus who served the East India Company as soldiers in the army that defended the subcontinent |
| What is the Sepoy Rebellion? | They rebelled because of a new training technique that the soldiers refused to follow. This sparked nationalism in India |
| How long was the Raj? | 1818-1857 |
| How long did British Rue last? | 1857-1947 |
| What did the Sepoy Rebellion tell Britain? How did they react? | how serious the problems in India were, and they reacted by removing the British East India Company from control and declaring India a British colony. |
| So, what led to the British India? | The Sepoy Rebellion |
| What is the "White Man's Burden" and how does it apply to India? | Perhaps the most famous defense for British motives was The White Man's Burden, a poem by Rudyard Kipling that promotes the vision of a British world leadership idealistically improving the lives of people in the areas they dominated. |
| What is the Treaty of Nanjing? | Opium was allowed to be sold in China, Britain got Hong Kong, andKorea, Vietnam, and Burma was released from Chinese control |
| What was the Treaty of Nanjing oriented towards? | trade |
| What is the Taiping Rebellion? | The self believed brother of Jesus wanted to abolish private property and have equality for women |
| What is the Boxer Rebellion? | A group that led an army against the Qing with the express purpose of recovering "China for the Chinese." |
| Who laid the foundations for the 1911 Chinese Revolution that ended the Qing Dynasty? | The Boxer Rebellion? |
| Two examples of Nationalism in China? | Taiping and Boxer Rebellion |
| 3 motives for British Imperialism: | Raw materials and creation of markets, safe shipping/trading, and Social Darwinism |
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